Uganda

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Uganda ( "English respelling pronunciation"> yoo- GA (H) N -d? ), officially the Republic of Uganda (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Uganda ), is a landlocked country in East Africa. It borders on the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of Congo, to the southwest by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country covers most of Lake Victoria, which is shared with Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda is in the Great Lakes region of Africa. Uganda is also located within the valley of the Nile, and has a varied but generally changing climate of the equator.

Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom, which covers much of the country's south, including the capital Kampala. The Ugandans were hunter-gatherers up to 1,700 to 2,300 years ago, when the Bantu-speaking population migrated to the south of the country.

Beginning in 1894, the area was ruled as a protectorate by the British, which established administrative law throughout the region. Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962. The period has since been characterized by intermittent conflicts, including a long civil war against the Lord's Resistance Army in the Northern Territories, which has caused hundreds of thousands of casualties.

The official language is English and Swahili, though "any other language may be used as instruction media in schools or other educational institutions or for legislative, administrative or judicial purposes as may be lawfully determined." Luganda, the main language, is widely used throughout the country, and several other languages â€‹â€‹are also spoken including Runyoro, Runyankole, Rukiga, and Luo.

Uganda President is Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, who ruled January 1986 after a protracted six-year guerrilla war.

Video Uganda

Histori

The Ugandan ancestors were hunter-gatherers up to 1,700-2,300 years ago. The Bantu-speaking population, probably from central Africa, migrated to the south of the country.

According to oral tradition, Kitara's Empire covers an important part of the large lake area, from the northern lakes of Albert and Kyoga to the southern lakes of Victoria and Tanganyika. Bunyoro-Kitara is claimed to be the antecedent of the kingdom of Buganda, Toro, Ankole, and Busoga.

Some Luo invaded the Bunyoro area and assimilated with Bantu there, establishing the Babiito dynasty from the current Bunyoro-Kitara Omukama.

Arab traders moved inland from the coast of the East Indian Ocean in the 1830s. They were followed in 1860 by British explorers seeking the source of the Nile. Anglican missionaries arrived in the Kingdom of Buganda in 1877 (a situation that raised the deaths of the Ugandan Martyrs) and was followed by French Catholic missionaries in 1879. The British government chartered the Royal British Empire Kingdom (IBEAC) Company to negotiate trade agreements in the region beginning in 1888. From 1886, there was a series of religious wars in Buganda, originally between Muslims and Christians and later, from 1890, between Protestant Ba-Ingleza and Catholic Ba-Fransa. Due to civil unrest and financial burden, IBEAC claims that they can not "keep their jobs" in the area. British commercial interests were eager to protect the Nile River trade route, which prompted the British government to annex Buganda and co-existed to create the Ugandan Protectorate in 1894.

In the 1890s, 32,000 workers from British India were recruited to East Africa under contractual contracts to build the Uganda Railway. Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 decided to remain in East Africa after the channel was completed. Furthermore, some became merchants and took over the ginning of cotton and clothing retailers.
From 1900 to 1920, the epidemic of sleeping sickness in southern Uganda, along the northern shore of Lake Victoria, killed more than 250,000 people.
Independence (1962 to 1965)
Uganda gained independence from England on October 9, 1962 with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state and Queen Uganda. In October 1963, Uganda became a republic but retained its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations.
The first post-independence election, held in 1962, was won by an alliance between the Ugandan People's Congress (UPC) and Kabaka Yekka (KY). UPC and KY formed the first post-independence government with Milton Obote as executive prime minister, with Buganda Kabaka (King) Edward Muteesa II holding the presidential ceremonial position.
Buganda Crisis 1962-1966
The post-independence years of Uganda were soon dominated by the relationship between the central government and the largest regional empire - Buganda. This understanding of relationships is essential to understanding the current political and social elements that have been forged and continue to shape Uganda.
From the moment the British created the Ugandan protectorate, the problem of how to manage the largest monarchy within the framework of the unitary state has always been a problem. The colonial governor failed to produce a successful formula. This is further complicated by Buganda's indifference to his relationship with the central government. Buganda never sought independence, but seemed to be comfortable with the loose arrangements that guaranteed their right over other subjects in protectorate or special status when England left. This is proved in part by the hostility between the British colonial authorities and the Buganda before independence.
Inside the Buganda there was a division - between those who wanted Kabaka to remain the dominant king, and those who wanted to join all of Uganda to create a modern secular state. The split resulted in the creation of two dominant Buganda-based parties - Kabaka Yekka (Kabaka Only) KY, and the Democratic Party (DP) rooted in the Catholic Church. The bitterness between the two sides is intense especially when the first election for the post-colonial parliament is approached. Kabaka strongly disliked the DP leader, Benedicto Kiwanuka.
Outside Buganda, a quietly spoken politician from Northern Uganda, Milton Obote, has formed an alliance of non-Buganda politicians to form the Ugandan People's Congress (UPC). UPC is essentially dominated by politicians who want to improve what they see as regional inequalities that support Buganda's special status. It attracted great support from outside Buganda. But the party remained a loose alliance, but Obote showed great skills in negotiating them into a common ground based on federal formula.
In Independence, the Buganda question remains unresolved. Uganda is one of the few colonial regions that achieved independence without a dominant political party with a clear majority in parliament. In the pre-independence election, UPC did not nominate candidates in Buganda and won 37 of 61 seats directly elected (outside Buganda). DP won 24 seats outside Buganda. The "special status" given to Buganda means that 21 Buganda seats are elected by proportional representation reflecting the general election in the Buganda-Lukikko parliament. KY won a resounding victory over the DP, winning all 21 seats.
KY holds the balance of power, and bitterness with the DP at Buganda runs in Kabaka to search for alliances with UPC, further enhanced by Obote's promise to maintain the "special status" of Buganda and give Kabaka the role of a ceremonial president.
UPC and KY then entered the coalition, and were further encouraged by the nine seats allocated by parliament (six to UPC and three to KY). Additional seats are allocated to the Attorney General given to supporters of UPC Buganda - Godfrey Binaisa. UPC now has 44 of 92 parliamentary seats when Uganda celebrates independence, still less than a majority and rely on KY to govern. Obote became Prime Minister, and as Kabaka promised to be a ceremonial president.
This arrangement has an almost immediate impact on the DP opposition - especially among MPs who after all share many of the values â€‹â€‹held by the UPC. Just two years after independence in 1964 a drop of defection from the DP meant that UPC had reached an absolute majority in parliament, and no longer needed support from KY. Without an official announcement, the coalition's arrangements are over, though Kabaka remains president.
UPC peaked at the end of 1964 when parliamentary leader Basil Bataringaya crossed the parliament floor with five other MPs, leaving the DP with only nine seats. MP MPs are not too happy that hostile leader Benedicto Kiwanuka against Kabaka is blocking their chances of compromising with KY. The deflection drop turned into a flood when 10 KY members crossed the floor when they realized the formal coalition with the UPC was no longer viable. Obote's charismatic lectures across the country swept all before him, and UPC won almost every local election held and increased its control over all district and legislative councils outside Buganda. The response from Kabaka is mute - perhaps content in ceremonial roles and symbolism in the part of the country. However, there is also a major division in his palace that makes it difficult for him to act effectively against Obote. By the time Uganda was independent, Buganda "was a divided house with competing social and political power" But there are problems that arise within the UPC. When its ranks swell, ethnic, religious, regional and personal interests begin to shake the party. The party's apparent strength is eroded in a series of complex factional conflicts within its central and regional structures. And in 1966, UPC tore itself down. The conflict is being reinforced by new arrivals who have crossed the parliament floor of DP and KY.
UPC delegates arrived at Gulu in 1964 for their delegation conference. This is the first demonstration of how Obote lost control of his party. The battle over Party Secretary General is a fierce contest between the new moderate candidate - Grace Ibingira and the radical John Kakonge. Ibingira then became a symbol of opposition to Obote in UPC. This is an important factor when looking at the subsequent events that led to the crisis between Buganda and the central government. For those outside the UPC (including KY supporters), this is a sign that Obote is vulnerable. The keen observer realizes that UPC is not a cohesive unit.
The collapse of the UPC-KY alliance openly expressed Obote's dissatisfaction and the other about Buganda's "special status". In 1964, the government responded to demands from some parts of the vast Buganda Kingdom that they were not the subject of Kabaka. Before the Buganda colonial administration had been rivaled by the neighboring Bunyoro kingdom. Buganda conquered parts of Bunyoro and British colonialists have formalized this in the Buganda Agreement. Known as the "lost district", people in this area want to be part of Bunyoro again. Obote decided to allow a referendum, which angered Kabaka and most of the rest of the Buganda. Residents from the district chose to return to Bunyoro despite Kabaka's efforts to influence the vote. After losing a referendum, KY opposed the bill to pass the district to Bunyoro, thus ending the alliance with UPC.
The tribal nature of Uganda's politics also manifests itself in government. UPC, which was a national party, began to break the tribal line when Ibingira challenged Obote at UPC. The "North/South" ethnic gaps that have been proven in the economic and social sphere are now entrenched in politics. Obote surrounded himself with mainly northern politicians - A. A. Neykon, Felix Onama, Alex Ojera - while supporters of Ibingira were later arrested and imprisoned, mainly from the South - George Magezi, B. Kirya, Matthias Ngobi. Later, both factions obtained ethnic label - "Bantu" (South Ibingira faction) and "Nilotic" (Obote North faction). The perception that the government is at war with Bantu is increasingly improved when Obote arrests and imprisons ministers, especially Bantu who supports Ibingira.
These labels lead to a mixture of two very powerful influences. First Buganda - the Buganda people are Bantu and therefore naturally allied to the Ibingira faction. The Ibingira faction further advanced this alliance by accusing Obote of wanting to overthrow Kabaka. They are now in harmony with the opposing Obote. Second - the security forces - British colonialists have recruited soldiers and police almost exclusively from Northern Uganda because of the appropriateness they feel for these roles. At the time of independence, soldiers and police were dominated by northern tribes - notably Nilotic. They will now feel more affiliated with Obote, and he takes full advantage of this to consolidate his strength. In April 1966, Obote distributed eight hundred new soldiers in Moroto, seventy percent of whom were from the Northern Territory.
It is true that at the time there was a tendency to see central government and security forces dominated by "northerners" - especially Acholi who through UPC had significant access to government positions at the national level. In northern Uganda, there are also anti-Buganda feelings, especially on the "special status" of the kingdom before and after independence, and all the economic and social benefits that come with this status. "The observer brings a large number of northerners to the central state, both through civilian and military service, and creating a patronage machine in Northern Uganda". However, the "Bantu" and "Nilotic" labels represent significant ambiguities. Helpful Categories for example include Buganda and Bunyoro - historical rivals. The Nilotic label includes Lugbara, Acholi and Langi which have a fierce competition that determines Uganda's military politics later. Despite these ambiguities, these events unwittingly bring forward for the southern/northern political divisions that to some extent still influence Ugandan politics.
UPC fragmentation continues when the opponent senses the Obote vulnerability. At the local level where the UPC dominated most of the consensus of discontent began to challenge the ruling councilors. Even in the Obote district of the house, attempts were made to overthrow the head of the local district council in 1966. The more worrying fact for the UPC was that the next national elections emerged in 1967 - and without the support of KY (which may now be re-DP), and the developing in UPC, there is a real possibility that UPC will be out of power within a few months.
Obote went after KY with a new parliamentary law in early 1966 that hindered KY's efforts to expand beyond Buganda. KY seemed to respond in parliament through one of the few remaining MPs, Daudi Ochieng who was seriously ill. Ochieng is an irony - though from Northern Uganda, he has risen high in the ranks of KY and became a close believer with Kabaka who has granted him a large title of land in Buganda. In the absence of Obote from Parliament, Ochieng laid the illegal ivory and gold barrels from the Congo that had been arranged by Obote army chief of staff, Colonel Idi Amin. He further alleges that Obote, Onama and Neykon all benefited from the scheme. Parliament has widely voted in favor of a motion to denounce Amin and investigate Obote's involvement. This shook the government and increased tensions in the country.
KY further demonstrated his ability to challenge Obote from within his party at the UPC Buganda conference where Godfrey Binaisa (Attorney General) was overthrown by a faction believed to have the support of KY, Ibingira and other anti-Obote elements in Buganda. Obote's response was to arrest Ibingira and other ministers at a cabinet meeting and to take special powers in February 1966. In March 1966, Obote also announced that the offices of the President and Vice President would cease to exist - effectively rejecting Kabaka. Obote also gave Amin more power - giving him the position of Commander of the Army over the previous holder (Opolot) who had a relationship with Buganda through marriage (perhaps believing Opolot would be reluctant to take military action against Kabaka if that happened). Oboe abolished the constitution and effectively delayed the election because in a few months. Obote went to television and radio to accuse Kabaka of various offenses including asking for foreign troops that seems to have been explored by Kabaka following rumors Amin planned a coup d'Ã©tat. Further chats dismantle Kabaka's authority by announcing among other steps:

Removal of an independent public service commission for federal units. This removes Kabaka's authority to appoint civil servants in Buganda.

Elimination of the Buganda High Court - removes the judicial authority Kabaka owns.

Bringing Buganda's financial management under the control of the center further.

Abolition of land for Buganda chief. Land is one of the main sources of Kabaka's power over its people.

The lines are now drawn for a show between Buganda and the central government. Historians may argue about whether this can be avoided through compromise. This is impossible because Obote now feels brave and sees Kabaka weak. Indeed, by accepting the presidency four years earlier and siding with the UPC, Kabaka has divided his people and taken one side against the others. Within Buganda's political institutions, religious-driven competition and personal ambition make them ineffective and unable to respond to the central government movement. Kabaka is often regarded as a loner and unresponsive to suggestions from younger Buganda politicians who better understand new post-Liberation politics, unlike traditionalists who are ambivalent with what happens as long as their traditional benefits are maintained. Kabaka prefers neo-traditionalists.
In May 1966, Kabaka did his actions. He requested foreign aid and the Buganda parliament demanded that the Ugandan government leave Buganda (including the capital, Kampala). In response, Obote orders Idi Amin to attack Kabaka's palace. The fight for Kabaka's palace was fierce - Kabaka's guards put up more of the anticipated resistance. The English-trained skipper - Kabaka with about 120 gunmen held Idi Amin at bay for twelve hours. It is estimated that up to 2,000 people were killed in fighting that ended when the army summoned heavier weapons and raided the palace. The anticipated village uprising in Buganda did not materialize and a few hours later the beaming Obote met the press to enjoy his victory. Kabaka escaped from the palace walls and was exiled to exile in London by supporters. He died there three years later.
1966-1971 (before the coup)
In 1966, after a power struggle between the government led by Obote and King Muteesa, Obote suspended the constitution and removed the ceremonial president and vice president. In 1967, a new constitution declared Uganda a republic and abolished the traditional kingdom. Obote is declared president.
1971 (after the coup) -1979 (end of Amen regime)
After the military coup on January 25, 1971, Obote was overthrown from power and General Idi Amin controlled the land. Amin ruled Uganda as a dictator with military support over the next eight years. He committed mass killings in the country to maintain his power. An estimated 80,000-500,000 Ugandans lost their lives during his regime. In addition to his brutality, he forcibly removed the Indian entrepreneurial minority from Uganda. In June 1976, Palestinian terrorists hijacked an Air France plane and forced it to land at Entebbe airport. One hundred of the 250 passengers on board were taken hostage until the Israeli commandos rescued them ten days later. The Amin government ended after the Uganda-Tanzanian War in 1979, where Tanzanian troops assisted by Ugandan exiles invaded Uganda.
1986-present
Museveni has been president since his troops toppled the previous regime in January 1986.
Uganda's political parties were limited in their activities from that year, in a measure designed to reduce sectarian violence. In the non-party "Movement" system instituted by Museveni, political parties continue to exist, but they can only operate the headquarters. They can not open branches, hold demonstrations, or field candidates directly (although electoral candidates can become members of a political party). The constitutional referendum overturned the nineteen-year ban on multi-party politics in July 2005.
In the mid to late 1990s, Museveni was praised by western countries as part of the new generation of African leaders.
His presidency has been damaged, however, by attacking and occupying the Democratic Republic of Congo during the Second Congo War, resulting in some 5.4 million deaths since 1998, and by participating in other conflicts in the Great Lakes region of Africa. He has fought for years in the civil war against the Lord's Resistance Army, who has been guilty of numerous crimes against humanity, including child slavery, the Atiak massacre, and other mass killings. Conflict in northern Uganda has killed thousands and displaced millions of people.
Parliament abolished the term of office in 2005, allegedly because Museveni used public funds to pay US $ 2,000 to every parliamentarian who supported the move. The presidential election was held in February 2006. Museveni opposed several candidates, the most prominent being Kizza Besigye.
On February 20, 2011, the Election Commission of Uganda announced the ruling president of Yoweri Kaguta Museveni the 2011 election-winning candidate held on February 18, 2011. However, the opposition is not satisfied with the result, and condemns them for being full of fraud and fraud.. According to official results, Museveni won with 68 percent of the vote. It easily defeats its nearest challenger, Besigye, who has become Museveni's physician and told reporters that he and his supporters "completely lost" the results and the incessant rules of Museveni or the person he may be appointing. Besigye added that fraudulent elections would inevitably lead to illegal leadership and up to Uganda to analyze this critically. The EU Election Observation Mission reports on the improvement and shortcomings of the electoral process in Uganda: "Electoral campaigns and voting days are conducted in a peaceful manner [...] However, the electoral process is undermined by administrative and logistical failures that can lead to a number of Ugandans which is unacceptable to its right. "
Since August 2012, the Anonymous hacktivist group has threatened Ugandan officials and hacked the government's official website for its anti-gay bill. Some international donors threaten to cut financial aid to the country if anti-gay charges continue.
The indicator of a plan for succession by the president's son, Muhoozi Kajiugaba, has heightened tensions.
Maps Uganda

Geography
The country is located in the East African Highlands, mostly located between latitudes 4 Ã‚ Â° N and 2 Ã‚ Â° C (small area to the north 4 Ã‚ Â°), and longitude 29 Ã‚ Â° and 35 Ã‚ Â° BT. It averages about 1,100 meters (3,609 ft) above sea level, sloping very steadily down to the Sudan Plains in the north. Some international trade organizations categorize Kenya as part of the Great Horn of Africa
Lakes and rivers
Much of the southern region of the country is heavily influenced by one of the largest lakes in the world, Lake Victoria, which contains many islands. The most important cities lie to the south, near this lake, including the capital of Kampala and the nearby town of Entebbe.
Lake Kyoga is in the center of the country and is surrounded by a vast swamp area.
Although landlocked, Uganda has many large lakes. In addition to Lake Victoria and Kyoga, there is Lake Albert, Lake Edward, and smaller George Lake.
Uganda lies almost entirely within the Nile basin. The Victorian Nile flows from Lake Victoria to Lake Kyoga and from there to Lake Albert on the Congo border. Then walk north to South Sudan. An area in eastern Uganda is dried by the Suam River, part of the internal drainage basin of Lake Turkana. The extreme north-eastern part of Uganda flows into the Lotikipi Basin, which is mainly in Kenya.
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Environment and preservation
Uganda has 60 protected areas, including ten national parks: the Impenetrable Bwindi National Park and Rwenzori Mountains National Park (both UNESCO World Heritage Sites), Kibale National Park, Kidepo Valley National Park, Lake Mburo National Park, Gorman Mgahinga National Park, Mount Elgon National Park, Murchison Falls National Park, Queen Elizabeth National Park, and Semuliki National Park.
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Government and politics
Ugandan President is the head of state and head of government. The president appoints a vice president and a prime minister to assist him in arranging.
Parliament was formed by the National Assembly, which has 449 members. These include; 290 representatives of constituents, 116 representatives of district women, 10 representatives from Ugandan Community Defense Forces, 5 youth representatives, 5 workers representatives, 5 disabled representatives and 18 former members.
Corruption
Transparency International has rated Uganda's public sector as one of the most corrupt in the world. By 2016, Uganda is ranked 151 worst of 176 and has a score of 25 on a scale of 0 (considered the most corrupt) to 100 (considered clean).
World Bank 2015 Global Governance Indicators put Uganda in the worst 12 percent of all countries. According to the US State Department's 2012 Human Rights Report on Uganda, "The latest World Bank Global Governance Indicators reflect corruption is a severe problem" and that "the country annually loses 768.9 billion shillings ($ 286 million) to corruption. "
Ugandan MPs in 2014 earn 60 times what most of the country's employees have, and they are looking for major improvements. This has led to widespread criticism and protests, including smuggling of two piglets into parliament in June 2014 to highlight corruption among MPs. The protesters, who were arrested, used the word "MPigs" to highlight their grievances.
A specific scandal, which has significant international consequences and highlights the presence of corruption in high-level government offices, is the embezzlement of $ 12.6 million of donor funds from the Prime Minister's Office in 2012. The fund is "earmarked as crucial support for rebuilding Uganda north, damaged by a 20-year war, and Karamoja, Uganda's poorest region. "The scandal is pushing the EU, Britain, Germany, Denmark, Ireland and Norway to suspend aid.
Widespread large and small corruption involving public officials and political patronage systems has also greatly affected the investment climate in Uganda. One area of â€‹â€‹high risk of corruption is public procurement where under-the-table cash payments are often requested from procurement officers.
What ultimately complicates this problem is the availability of oil. The Oil bill, endorsed by parliament in 2012 and touted by NRM as bringing transparency to the oil sector, has failed to please commentators and domestic and international political economists. For example, Angelo Izama, a Ugandan energy analyst at the US-based Open Society Foundation, said the new law is tantamount to "handing ATM machines (cash)" to Museveni and his regime. According to Global Witness in 2012, a non-governmental organization devoted to international law, Uganda now has "oil reserves that could potentially double government revenues in six to ten years, worth about US $ 2.4 billion per year."
The NGO Act (Amendment), passed in 2006, has hampered NGO productivity through establishing barriers to entry, activities, financing and assembly in this sector. Weighing and corrupt registration procedures (eg requiring recommendations from government officials, annual re-registration), unreasonable operating regulations (eg requiring government notification prior to making contact with individuals in NGO interest areas), and the prerequisite that all foreign funds be passed through the Bank of Uganda, among other things, severely limits the output of the NGO sector. Furthermore, freedom of speech in this sector is continuously violated through the use of intimidation, and the recent Public Order Management Bill (restricting assembly-free freedoms) will only increase the supply of government ammunition.
Political sharing
By 2018, Uganda is divided into 121 districts. Rural districts are divided into sub-districts, parishes and villages. City and city councils are set in urban districts.
The political subdivision in Uganda is officially served and unified by the Uganda Local Governments Association (ULGA), a voluntary and non-profit body that also serves as a forum for support and guidance for Uganda's sub-national government.
In line with state administration, the five traditional Bantu kingdoms remain, enjoying most of the cultural autonomy. His kingdom is Toro, Busoga, Bunyoro, Buganda, and Rwenzururu. In addition, some groups attempt to restore Ankole as one of the officially recognized traditional kingdoms, but have not succeeded. Several other kingdoms and heads of government were officially recognized by the government, including the Alur chieftain, the most important tribal chief of Iteso, the most important tribal chiefs of Lango and the state of Padhola.
Foreign and military relations
In Uganda, the Ugandan People's Defense Force serves as a military. The number of military personnel in Uganda is estimated at 45,000 active soldiers. The Ugandan army is involved in several peacekeeping and combat missions in the region, with commentators noting that only the United States Armed Forces are deployed in more countries. Uganda has troops stationed in the northern and eastern regions of the Democratic Republic of Congo and in the Central African Republic, Somalia, and South Sudan.
Membership of International Organizations

Organization for Islamic Cooperation

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Human Rights
There are many areas that continue to attract attention when it comes to human rights in Uganda.
Conflict in the northern part of the country continues to produce reports of violations by both Defense Defense Soldiers (LRA), led by Joseph Kony and the Ugandan Army. A UN official accused the LRA in February of 2009 of "terrible brutality" in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The internally displaced number is estimated at 1.4 million. Torture continues to be a widespread practice among security organizations. Attacks on political freedom in the country, including the capture and beating of opposition MPs, have led to international criticism, culminating in May 2005 in a decision by the British government to withhold part of its aid into the country. The arrest of main opposition leader Kizza Besigye and the High Court's siege during the Besigye case trial by fully armed security forces - before the February 2006 elections - led to criticism.
Child labor is common in Uganda. Many child laborers are active in agriculture. Children working on tobacco farms in Uganda are exposed to health hazards. Child servants in Uganda are at risk of sexual harassment. Children's trafficking takes place. Slavery and forced labor are prohibited by Uganda's constitution.
The US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants reported several violations of refugee rights in 2007, including forced deportations by the Ugandan government and violence against refugees.
Torture and extrajudicial killings have been a widespread problem in Uganda in recent years. For example, according to a US State Department report in 2012, "The African Treatment and Rehabilitation Center for Victims of Torture lists 170 allegations of torture against the police, 214 against UPDF, 1 against military police, 23 against Special Investigation Unit, 361 against unspecified security personnel, and 24 against prison officials "between January and September 2012.
In September 2009, Museveni rejected Kabaka Muwenda Mutebi, king of Baganda, permission to visit several areas of the Kingdom of Buganda, in particular Kayunga district. Riots occurred and more than 40 people were killed while others remained imprisoned to this date. In addition, nine more people died during a "Walk to Office" demonstration in April 2011. According to the Human Rights Watch 2013 World Report on Uganda, the government has failed to investigate the killings associated with both of these events.
LGBT Rights
In 2007, a Ugandan newspaper, Red Pepper, published a list of gay-presumed men, many of whom suffered abuse as a result.
On October 9, 2010, Uganda's Rolling Stone newspaper published a front-page article titled "100 Best Ugand Homos Leak Pictures of Uganda" which included names, addresses and photos of 100 homosexuals along with a yellow banner reading "Hang Them". The paper also alleges that homosexuals aim to recruit Ugandan children. This publication draws international attention and criticism from human rights organizations, such as Amnesty International, No Peace Without Justice and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, and International Intersex Associations. According to gay rights activists, many Ugandans have been attacked since the publication. On January 27, 2011, gay rights activist David Kato was killed.
In 2009, the Ugandan parliament considered the Anti-Homosexuality Bill that would extend the criminalization of homosexuality by introducing the death penalty for people who had previous confidence, or HIV-positive, and engaging in same-sex sexual acts. The bill also includes provisions for Uganda who engage in same-sex sexual activity outside of Uganda, confirming that they can be extradited back to Uganda for punishment, and include penalties for individuals, corporations, media organizations, or non-governmental organizations that support the protection law for homosexuality or sodomy. The private member bill was submitted by MP David Bahati in Uganda on October 14, 2009, and is believed to have widespread support in Uganda's parliament. Anonymous hacktivist group infiltrated the Ugandan government website in protest at the bill. The bill's debate was delayed in response to global condemnation but was finally adopted on December 20, 2013 and signed by President Yoweri Museveni on February 24, 2014. The death penalty was dropped in the latest legislation. The law is widely condemned by the international community. Denmark, the Netherlands and Sweden say they will withhold help. The World Bank on February 28, 2014 said it would postpone a US $ 90 million loan, while the United States said it was reviewing relations with Uganda. On August 1, 2014, Uganda's Constitutional Court ruled that the bill was illegal for failing to pass the required quorum. A news report on August 13, 2014 said that Uganda's attorney general had canceled all plans to appeal, per direction from President Museveni who worried about foreign reaction to the bill and who also said that any newly introduced bill should not criminalize same-sex relations between people approved adult.
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Economy and infrastructure
The Bank of Uganda is Uganda's central bank and handles monetary policy along with Ugandan shilling printing.
In 2015, Uganda's economy generates export revenue from the following merchandise: coffee (US $ 402.63 million), oil re-export (US $ 131.25 million), base metals and products (US $ 120.00 million), fish (US $ 117.56 million), corn (US) $ 90.97 million), cement (US $ 80.13 million), tobacco (US $ 73.13 million), tea (US $ 69.94 million) sugar (US $ 66.43 million), leather and leather (US $ 62.71 million), cocoa beans (US $ 55.67 million), grains (US $ 53.88 million), simsim (US $ 52 , 20 million), interest (US $ 51.44 million), and other products (US $ 766.77 million).
The country has experienced consistent economic growth. In fiscal year 2015-16, Uganda recorded gross domestic product growth of 4.6 percent in real terms and 11.6 percent in nominal terms. This is proportional to 5.0 percent real growth in fiscal year 2014-15.
The country has unutilized raw oil and gas reserves. While agriculture accounted for 56 percent of the economy in 1986, with coffee as its main export, now exceeded by the service sector, accounting for 52 percent of GDP in 2007. In the 1950s, the British colonial regime encouraged about 500,000 subsistence farmers to join cooperatives. Since 1986, the government (with the support of foreign countries and international agencies) has acted to rehabilitate the devastated economy during the Idi Amin regime and subsequent civil war.
In 2012, the World Bank is still registering Uganda on the list of Poor State Tangguh.
Economic growth does not always lead to poverty reduction. Despite the average annual growth of 2.5 percent between 2000 and 2003, the poverty rate increased 3.8 percent during that time. This has highlighted the importance of avoiding unemployment growth and is part of the increasing awareness among development on the need for equitable growth not only in Uganda but across developing countries.
With the Uganda stock exchange established in 1996, several equities have been registered. The government has used the stock market as a way to privatize. All government treasury issues are listed on the stock exchange. The Capital Market Authority has licensed 18 brokers, asset managers, and investment advisers including: African Bank Investment Alliance, Baroda Capital Markets Uganda Limited, Crane Financial Services Uganda Limited, Crested Stocks and Securities Limited, Dyer & amp; Blair Investment Bank, Equity Stock Brokers Uganda Limited, Renaissance Capital Investment Bank and UAP Financial Services Limited. As one way of increasing formal domestic savings, pension sector reform is the center of attention (2007).
Uganda traditionally relies on Kenya for access to the Indian Ocean port of Mombasa. The efforts have been enhanced to establish a second access route to the sea via the lakeside harbor of Bukasa in Uganda and Musoma in Tanzania, connected by train to Arusha in the interior of Tanzania and to Tanga harbor in the Indian Ocean.
Uganda is a member of the East African Community and potential members of the planned East African Federation.
Uganda has a large diaspora, especially in the United States and Britain. This diaspora has contributed greatly to Uganda's economic growth through remittances and other investments (primarily property). According to the World Bank, Uganda received in 2016 approximately US $ 1,099 billion in remittances from abroad, second only to Kenya (US $ 1.574 billion) in the East African Community. Uganda also serves as an economic hub for a number of neighboring countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, Southern Sudan and Rwanda.
Uganda's Bureau of Statistics announced inflation of 4.6 percent in November 2016.
Poverty
Uganda is one of the poorest countries in the world. In 2012, 37.8 percent of the population lives on less than $ 1.25 a day. Despite making enormous progress in reducing poverty across the country from 56 percent of the population in 1992 to 24.5 percent in 2009, poverty remains rooted in the country's rural areas, home to 84 percent of Uganda's population.
People in rural Uganda depend on agriculture as the main source of income and 90 percent of all rural women work in the agricultural sector. In addition to agricultural work, rural women are responsible for the care of their families. Ugandan women spend an average of 9 hours a day on domestic chores, such as preparing food and clothing, taking water and firewood, and taking care of the elderly, the sick and orphans. Thus, women on average work longer than men, between 12 and 18 hours per day, with an average of 15 hours, compared with men, who work between 8 and 10 hours a day.
To supplement their income, rural women can engage in small-scale entrepreneurial activities such as raising and selling local livestock breeds. However, because of the heavy workload, they have little time for this income-generating activity. The poor can not support their children in school and in many cases girls drop out to help with domestic work or to get married. Other girls are involved in sex work. As a result, young women tend to have older and more sexually experienced couples and this puts women at risk of being disproportionately affected by HIV, accounting for about 57 percent of all adults living with HIV in Uganda.
Uganda's rural women's health lags behind national policy targets and Millennium Development Goals, with geographical inaccessibility, lack of transportation and financial burdens identified as key demand-side barriers to accessing maternal health services; thus, interventions such as intermediate transport mechanisms have been adopted as a means of increasing women's access to maternal health care services in rural areas of the country.
Gender inequality is a major obstacle to reducing women poverty. Women are subjected to lower overall social status than men. For many women, this reduces their power to act independently, participate in community life, be educated and escape from dependence on rude men.
Communications
There are seven telecom companies serving more than 21 million subscribers in a population of over 34 million. More than 95 percent of internet connections are made using mobile phones.
The number of cellular and fixed phone subscriptions increased from more than 20 million to over 21 million resulting in an increase of more than 1.1 million subscribers (5.4 increase) compared to 4.1 percent increase realized in Q4 2014 (October -December).
Energy
In the 1980s, much of Uganda's energy came from charcoal and wood. However, oil is found in the Lake Albert area, totaling approximately 95,000,000 m ³ (3.354893339 ÃƒÆ' - 10 ⁹ Ãƒ, cuÃƒ, ft) barrels of crude oil. Heritage Oil discovered one of Uganda's largest crude inventions, and continued operations there.
Water supply and sanitation
According to a report published in 2006, Uganda's water supply and sanitation sector has made major advances in urban areas since the mid-1990s, with considerable increases in coverage as well as in operational and commercial performance. Sector reforms in the period 1998-2003 included commercialization and modernization of National Water and Sewerage Companies operating in cities and towns, as well as decentralization and private sector participation in small towns.
Although this reform has attracted significant international attention, 38 percent of the population still has no access to improved water sources in 2010. Regarding access to improved sanitation, the figures vary widely. According to government figures, it is 70 percent in rural areas and 81 percent in urban areas by 2011, while according to UN figures it is only 34 percent.
The water and sanitation sector is recognized as a key area under the 2004 Poverty Reduction Action Plan (PEAP), Uganda's main strategy paper to combat poverty. According to a report published in 2006, a comprehensive spending framework has been introduced to coordinate financial support by external donors, national governments, and nongovernmental organizations. PEAP estimates that from 2001 to 2015, about US $ 1.4 billion, or US $ 92 million per year, is needed to increase water supply coverage by up to 95 percent, with rural areas requiring US $ 956 million, urban areas and big cities which requires US $ 281 million, and small towns need US $ 136 million.
Education
In the 2002 census, Uganda had a literacy rate of 66.8 percent (76.8 percent male and 57.7 percent female). Public expenditure on education reached 5.2 percent of GDP in 2002-2005.
Health
Uganda has become one of the rare HIV success stories. The infection rate of 30 percent of the population in the 1980s fell to 6.4 percent by the end of 2008. However, there has been a surge in recent years compared to the mid-1990s. Meanwhile, abstinence practices have been found to be declining.
The low prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM): according to UNICEF 2013 report, Only 1 percent of women in Uganda have undergone FGM, with illegal practices in the country.
Life expectancy at birth is estimated at 53.45 years in 2012. The infant mortality rate is about 61 deaths per 1,000 children by 2012. There were eight doctors per 100,000 people in the early 2000s. The Ugandan Demographic Health Survey 2006 (UDHS) shows that around 6,000 women die every year due to pregnancy-related complications. However, a recent pilot study by Future Health Systems shows that this figure can be significantly reduced by applying a voucher scheme for health care and transportation to the clinic.
Elimination of Ugandan user fees at state health facilities in 2001 has resulted in an 80 percent increase in visits, with more than half of this increase coming from the poorest 20 percent of the population. This policy has been cited as a key factor in helping Uganda achieve the Millennium Development Goals and as an example of the importance of equality in achieving that goal. Apart from this policy, many users do not care if they do not provide their own medical equipment, as happened in the published Jennifer Anguko case. Poor communication in hospitals, low satisfaction with health care and distance to healthcare providers undermine the provision of quality health care for people living in Uganda, and especially for those in poor households and led parents. Provision of subsidies for the poor and rural communities, together with the expansion of public private partnerships, has been identified as an important provision to allow vulnerable populations to access health services.
In July 2012, Ebola outbreak occurred in Kibaale District in the country. On October 4, 2012, the Ministry of Health officially announced the end of the outbreak after at least 16 people died.
Ministry of Health announced on 16 August 2013 that three people have been killed in northern Uganda from alleged outbreaks of dengue fever Crimean Fever.
Crime and law enforcement
In Uganda, the Allied Democratic Forces are considered a rebel force against the Ugandan government. These rebels are the enemy of the Ugandan People's Defense Forces and are considered an affiliate of Al-Shabaab.
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Science and technology
The National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy dates from 2009. The goal is to 'strengthen the national ability to generate, transfer and apply scientific knowledge, skills and technologies that ensure sustainable use of natural resources for its realization. Uganda's development goals. 'This policy precedes Uganda Vision 2040, launched in April 2013 to transform' Ugandan peoples from a peasant into a modern and prosperous country in 30 years', in the words of the Cabinet. Uganda Vision 2040 pledged to strengthen the private sector, improve education and training, modernize less developed infrastructure and services and the agricultural sector, encourage industrialization and promote good governance, among other objectives. Potential areas for economic development include oil and gas, tourism, minerals and information and communication technologies (ICTs).
Research funding increased between 2008 and 2010 from 0.33% to 0.48% of GDP. During the same period, the number of researchers doubled (in the head count) from 1 387 to 2 823, according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. This is a jump from 44 to 83 researchers per million inhabitants during the same period. One in four researchers is a woman. Uganda has been able to produce a prototype car called kiira where the government invested 70 million dollars.
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Demographics
The country has significant population overload issues. Uganda's population grew from 9.5 million people in 1969 to 34.9 million in 2014. In relation to the last inter-census period (September 2002), the population increased by 10.6 million people in the past 12 years. The average age in Uganda of 15 years is the lowest in the world. Uganda has the fifth highest total fertility rate in the world, at 5.97 children born per woman (estimate 2014).
There were about 80,000 Indians in Uganda before Idi Amin required the expulsion of Ugandan-Asian people (mostly Indians) in 1972, which reduced the population to as low as 7,000. Many Indians, however, returned to Uganda after the fall of Amin in 1979. About 90 percent of Ugandan Indians live in Kampala.
According to UNHCR, Uganda holds more than 190,000 refugees by 2013. Most of the latter came from neighboring countries in the Great Lakes region of Africa, namely Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, and Sudan.
Language
Swahili, a language widely spoken throughout the Great Lakes region of Africa, was approved as the official national language of the two countries in 2005. English was the only official language until the constitution was amended in 2005. Although Swahili is not favored by Bantu speaking people populations in the south and south-west of the country, it is important lingua franca in the northern region. It is also used extensively in the police and military forces, which may be the historical result of the disproportionate recruitment of the northerners into the security forces during the colonial period. Thus Swahili status alternated with powerful political groups. For example, Idi Amin, who is from the northwest, declares Swahili as the national language.
Religion

According to the 2014 census, Christians cover about 85 percent of Uganda's population, with nearly 14 percent of Muslims. The Roman Catholic Church has the largest number of adherents (39.3 percent, down from 41.6 in 2002), followed by the Anglican Church of Uganda (32 percent, down from 35.9 percent). The Evangelical/Pentecostal/Born-Again category shows the highest growth, rising from 4.7% in 2002 to 11.1% by 2018. Advent and other Protestant churches claim most of the remaining Christians, although there are also Eastern Orthodox communities small. Uganda's most frequently reported religion is Islam, with Muslims representing 13.7 percent of the population, up from 12.1 percent in 2002.
The Muslim population is mainly Sunni. There are also Shia minorities (7 percent), Ahmadiyah (4 percent), and those who are non-denominating Muslims, Sufi Muslims.
The rest of the population according to the 2014 census followed traditional religion (0.1 percent, down from 1 percent in 2002), other religions (1.4 percent), or no religious affiliation (0.2 percent).
The Northern Territory, including the West Nile sub-region, is predominantly Catholic, while Iganga District in eastern Uganda has the highest percentage of Muslims. Other countries have a mixture of religious affiliations.
The largest city

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Culture
Due to the large number of communities, cultures in Uganda vary widely. Many Asians (mostly from India) who were expelled during the Idi Amin regime have returned to Uganda.
Sports

Basket
The country has an increasingly successful national basketball team. It's dubbed "The Silverbacks", and debuted at the FIBA â€‹â€‹Championship Ã¢ â‚¬ <Ã¢ â‚¬ Baseball

In July 2011, Kampala, Uganda qualified for the 2011 Little League World Series in Williamsport, Pennsylvania for the first time, beating Saudi Arabia's baseball team Dharan LL, although visa complications prevented them from attending the series. Small League Team from Uganda qualified and attended the 2012 Little League World Series.

Media

Movies

Uganda film industry is relatively young. It's growing fast, but it still faces a variety of challenges. There is support for the industry as seen in the proliferation of film festivals such as Amakula, Pearl International Film Festival, Maisha African Film Festival and Manya Human Rights Festival. But filmmakers are battling the competitive markets of other countries on the continent like in Nigeria and South Africa in addition to big budget films from Hollywood.

The first publicly-recognized film produced by Uganda was the Feeling of Struggle , directed and written by Haji Ashraf Ssemwogerere in 2005. This marks the year of films in Uganda, a time when many fans proudly classify themselves as a cinematographer in various capacities.

The local film industry is polarized between two types of filmmakers. The first is filmmakers who use the Nollywood era video game guerrilla approach to filmmaking, rummaging through images for about two weeks and filtering them out in the temporary video space. The second is filmmakers who have a movie aesthetic, but with limited funds must rely on competition to get cash from donors.

Although cinema in Uganda is growing, it still faces a big challenge. Along with technical issues such as acting and editing skills, there are issues regarding funding and lack of government support and investment. No schools in the country are dedicated to films, banks are not extending credit for film businesses, and distribution and marketing of films remain poor.

The Ugandan Communications Commission (UCC) is preparing regulations starting in 2014 that require Uganda television to broadcast 70 percent of Ugandan content and this, 40 per cent into independent production. With an emphasis on Uganda Film and UCC regulations supporting Uganda's production for mainstream television, Uganda's films may become more prominent and successful in the near future.

src: studyabroad.sit.edu

References

Ancient Bark-Cloth Production Threatened By Massive Deforestation ...

src: globalpressjournal.com

External links

Overview

"Uganda". The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
Uganda from UCB GovPubs Library .
Country Profile of BBC News.
Uganda Corruption Profile from Business Anti-Corruption Portal
Welcome to Uganda - Uganda Guides and Information Portal
Uganda in Curlie (based on DMOZ)

Maps

A printable map of Uganda from UN.org
Wikimedia Atlas Uganda

Government and economy

Website of Head of State and Cabinet Member
Key Developments for Uganda from International Futures

Humanitarian issues

Humanitarian news and analysis from IRIN - Uganda
The scope of humanitarian information on ReliefWeb
Radio France International - a file about Uganda and the Lord's Resistance Army

Trade

Summary of the Uganda World Bank's Trade Statistics

Tourism

Uganda Tourism Board
Uganda Wildlife Authority
Visit Kampala with Kampala Capital City Authority
Immigration Department
Uganda travel guide from Wikivoyage

Source of the article : Wikipedia

Kamis, 12 Juli 2018

Uganda

Video Uganda

Histori

Independence (1962 to 1965)

Buganda Crisis 1962-1966

1966-1971 (before the coup)

1971 (after the coup) -1979 (end of Amen regime)

1986-present

Maps Uganda

Geography

Lakes and rivers

Environment and preservation

Government and politics

Corruption

Political sharing

Foreign and military relations

Membership of International Organizations

Human Rights

LGBT Rights

Economy and infrastructure

Poverty

Communications

Energy

Water supply and sanitation

Education

Health

Crime and law enforcement

Science and technology

Demographics

Language

Religion

The largest city

Culture

Sports

Basket