John Donne ( DUN ; 22 January 1572 - 31 March 1631) is English poet and cleric in the Church of England.
He is regarded as the representative of a superior metaphysical poet. His works are famous for his strong sensual style and include sonnets, love poems, religious poetry, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, satire and sermons. His poetry is famous for his passion for language and metaphorical creativity, especially compared to his contemporaries. Donne's style is characterized by sudden openings and various paradoxes, irony and dislocations. These features, together with their dramatic or daily rhythmic rhythms, their strained syntax and eloquent eloquence, are both a reaction to the smoothness of conventional Elizabethan poetry and the adaptation into English of European baroque techniques and techniques of engagement. His career was initially characterized by poetry containing tremendous knowledge about British society and he met with that knowledge with sharp criticism. Another important theme in Donne's poem is the idea of ​​true religion, something that takes a lot of time to consider and about what is often theorized. He wrote secular poetry and erotic poetry and love. He is well known for his mastery of metaphysical pride.
Despite his extraordinary poetic education and talent, Donne lived in poverty for several years, relying heavily on rich friends. He spent much of the money he inherited during and after his education on feminization, literature, entertainment, and travel. In 1601, Donne secretly married Anne More, with whom he had twelve children. In 1615 he was ordained a deacon and then an Anglican priest, though he did not wish to receive Holy Orders. He did so because King James I vigorously ordered it. In 1621, he was appointed dean of St Paul's Cathedral in London. He also served as a Member of Parliament in 1601 and 1614.
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Biography
Early life
Donne was born in London, into a progressive Roman Catholic family when religious practice was illegal in England. Donne is the third of six children. His father, also named John Donne, is a descendant of Welsh and a warden of the Ironmongers Company in the City of London. Donne's father was a respected Roman Catholic who avoided unwanted government attention for fear of persecution.
His father died in 1576, when Donne was four years old, leaving his son without his father and widow, Elizabeth Heywood, with the responsibility of raising their children alone. Heywood also comes from a Roman Catholic family, daughter of John Heywood, playwright, and sister Reverend Jasper Heywood, a Jesuit priest and translator. He is the great niece of the Roman Catholic martyr, Thomas More. This tradition of martyrdom will continue among the close relatives of Donne, many of whom were executed or exiled for religious reasons. Donne was privately educated; However, there is no evidence to support the popular claim that he was taught by the Jesuits. Donne's mother married Dr. John Syminges, a widower rich with three children, a few months after Donne's father died. Thus, Donne had a stepfather. Two sisters, Mary and Katherine, died in 1581. Donne's mother lived for the last years in Deanery after Donne became Dean of St. Paul, and died only two months before Donne, in January 1631. In 1583, 11 years -Dold Donne began studying at Hart Hall, now Hertford College, Oxford. After three years of study there, Donne was admitted to Cambridge University, where she studied for three years. However, Donne was unable to obtain a degree from one institution because of his Catholicism, for he refused to take the Supremacy Oath required to graduate.
In 1591 Donne was accepted as a student at the law school of Thavies Inn, one of the Chancery Inn in London. On May 6, 1592 he was received at Lincoln's Inn, one of the inns in the Court. In 1593, five years after the defeat of the Spanish Armada and during the intermittent Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604), Queen Elizabeth passed the first British law against the sectarian denial of the Church of England, entitled "An Act for restraining Popish recusants". It defines "Popish followers" as "convicted for not fixing up to some Churches, Chapels, or ordinary places of the General Prayer to hear the Divine Services there but retaining the same thing contrary to the tenure of laws and laws until now made and provided in the interest ". Donne's brother, Henry, was also a student before his arrest in 1593 for keeping a Catholic priest, William Harrington, whom he betrayed under torture. Harrington was tortured on a shelf, hung up not really dead, and then subjected to disembowelment. Henry Donne died in Newgate Prison bubonic outbreak, causing Donne to start questioning his Catholic faith.
During and after his education, Donne spent most of his legacy on women, literature, entertainment and travel. Although there are no exact details of the record where Donne traveled, he crossed Europe and then fought with Earl of Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh against Spain in Cadiz (1596) and Azores (1597), and witnessed the loss of Spanish ship San Felipe . According to Izaak Walton, who wrote Donne's biography in 1658:
... he returned no return to England until he stayed for several years, first in Italy, and later in Spain, where he made many useful observations of those countries, the laws and ways of their rule, and returned perfectly in their language.
At the age of 25 he was well prepared for the diplomatic career he was looking for. He was appointed as the main secretary to the Lord Guardian of the Great Seal, Sir Thomas Egerton, and founded at Egerton's home in London, York House, Strand close to Whitehall Palace, which is Britain's most influential social center.
Marriage to Anne More
Over the next four years Donne fell in love with Egerton's nephew, Anne More, and they secretly married before Christmas in 1601, against the wishes of Egerton and George More, who was Lieutenant of the Tower and Anne's father. Once found, this marriage destroyed Donne's career, making him dismissed and put in Fleet Prison, along with the priest of the Church of England Samuel Brooke, who married them, and the man who acted as a witness of marriage. Donne was released shortly afterwards when the marriage proved to be valid, and he immediately freed two others. Walton tells us that when Donne wrote to his wife to tell him about losing his post, he wrote after his name: John Donne, Anne Donne, Not done yet. Only in 1609 Donne was reconciled with his father-in-law and received his wife's dowry.
Once released, Donne must accept retired rural life in a small house in Pyrford, Surrey, owned by Anne's cousin Sir Francis Wooley, where they lived until the end of 1604. In the spring of 1605 they moved to another small house in Mitcham, London, where he scavenged a bit of life as a lawyer, while Anne Donne gave birth to new babies almost every year. Although he also worked as an assistant pamphlet for Thomas Morton who wrote anti-Catholic pamphlets, Donne was in a constant financial insecurity.
Anne gave birth to 12 children in 16 years of marriage, (including two stillborns - eighth and later, in 1617, their last child); indeed, he spends most of his married life either pregnant or breastfeeding. The 10 surviving children are Constance, John, George, Francis, Lucy (named after Donne's patron, Lucy, Countess of Bedford, godmother), Bridget, Mary, Nicholas, Margaret, and Elizabeth. Three (Francis, Nicholas, and Mary) died before they were ten years old. In a desperate state that almost led to her suicide, Donne notes that the death of a child means one less mouth to feed, but he can not afford the funeral fee. During this time, Donne writes but does not publish Biathanatos , his defense to commit suicide. His wife died on August 15, 1617, five days after giving birth to their twelfth child, a stillborn baby. Donne laments over her deeply, and writes about her love and loss in the 17th Sonnet Holy.
Career and next life
In 1602 John Donne was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Brackley's constituency, but membership was not a paid position. Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, replaced by King James VI of Scotland as King James I of England. The fashion for coterie poetry of the time gave Donne the means to seek refuge, and many of his poems were written for rich friends or patrons, notably Sir Robert Drury's MP from Hawsted (1575-1615), whom he met in 1610 and became Donne's head protector , giving her and her family an apartment in her big house in Drury Lane.
In 1610 and 1611 Donne wrote two anti-Catholic polemics: Pseudo-Martyr and Ignatius His Conclave for Morton. He then wrote two Memorial Days, World Anatomy (1611) and Progress of the Soul (1612) for Drury. Although James was pleased with Donne's work, he refused to return it in court and instead urged him to accept the divine injunction. Finally, Donne agreed with the king's wish, and in 1615 was ordained a priest in the Church of England.
In 1615 Donne was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity from the University of Cambridge, and became Royal Chaplain in the same year, and Reader of Divinity at Lincoln's Inn in 1616, where he served in the chapel as minister until 1622. In 1618 he became pastor of the Viscount Doncaster, which is at the embassy for the German princes. Donne did not return to England until 1620. In 1621 Donne was made the dean of St. Paul, a prominent position and well paid in the Church of England, which he held until his death in 1631. During the period as the dean of his daughter Lucy died, the age of eighteen. In late November and early December 1623 he suffered from a near-fatal illness, which is considered a typhoid or a combination of colds followed by periods of fever. During his recovery he wrote a series of meditations and prayers on health, pain and illness published as a book in 1624 under the title Devotion in the Emerging Moments . One of these meditations, Meditation XVII, later became famous for its phrases "No human being is Iland " (often modernized as "No human being is an island") and "... for whom bell toll ". In 1624 he became the vicar of St Dunstan-in-the-West, and 1625 a prolocutor for Charles I. He gained a reputation as an eloquent preacher and his 160 sermons have survived, including the Death Duel, his famous preaching delivered at the Palace. from Whitehall before King Charles I in February 1631.
Death
Donne died on March 31, 1631 and was buried in the old St Paul's Cathedral, where the statue of his memorial by Nicholas Stone was erected with a Latin inscription that may have been made by himself. The memorial was one of the few survivors of the Great Fire of London in 1666 and is now at St. Anthony's Cathedral. Paul. The statue claimed by Izaac Walton in his biography has been modeled from life by Donne to suggest his appearance at the resurrection; it was to start fashion in such monuments during the 17th century. In 2012 the statue of poet by Nigel Boonham was inaugurated outside in the courtyard of the cathedral church.
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Donne's earliest poem shows a growing knowledge of English society coupled with sharp criticism of his problems. The satires are related to general Elizabethan topics, such as corruption in the legal system, mediocre poets, and arrogant lords. His vision of sickness, vomit, dirt, and plague reflects his very satirical view of the world inhabited by all the English fools and poets. However, his third satire, dealing with the true religious problem, was a very important issue for Donne. He argues that it is better to carefully examine one's religious beliefs than to blindly follow an established tradition, for no one will be saved at the Last Judgment, claiming "A Harry, or Martin taught [them]."
Early career Donne is also famous for his erotic poetry, especially his elegance, where he uses nonconventional metaphors, such as ticks bite two lovers compared to sex. In "Elegy XIX: For his Mistris Going to Bed" he poetically stripped off his wardrobe and compared the act of fondling American exploration. In "Elegy XVIII" she compares the gap between her lover's breasts with Hellespont. Donne did not publish these poems, though he allowed him to circulate widely in manuscript form.
... every human dies decreases me , because I am involved in Mankinde ; And therefore never send to know who toll bell ; This is the toll for you ..
Some people speculate that many of the illnesses, financial tensions, and deaths of his friends Donne contributed to the development of a more grim and discordant tone in his later poems. This change can be clearly seen in "An Anatomy of the World" (1611), a poem written by Donne to recall Elizabeth Drury, the daughter of his patron, Sir Robert Drury of Hawstead, Suffolk. This poem treats Elizabeth's death with extreme gloom, using it as a symbol of the Fall of Man and the destruction of the universe.
The poem "A Nocturnal on S. Lucy Day, Being the Shortest Day", concerns the poet's despair on the death of a loved one. In it, Donne reveals a feeling of negation and despair, saying that "I am every inanimate thing... that returns/Nothing, darkness, death." This famous work was probably written in 1627 when Donne's two friends, Lucy, Countess of Bedford, and his daughter Lucy Donne died. Three years later, in 1630, Donne wrote his will on the Day of Saint Lucy (13 December), the date the poem describes it as "Good this year, and midnight of the day."
The more bleak the tone of Donne can also be observed in the religious works which he began to write during the same period. His initial belief in the value of skepticism now gives way to a firm belief in the traditional teachings of the Bible. After moving to the Anglican Church, Donne concentrated her literary career on religious literature. He quickly became famous for his sermons and poems. These lines of sermons and devotional work will affect future works of English literature, such as Ernest Hemingway For Whom the Bell Tolls , which takes its title from a section in the XVII Meditation of Devotions on Emergent Occasions, and Thomas Merton's No Man is the Island , which takes its title from the same source.
Toward the end of his life, Donne wrote a work that challenged death, and the fear that inspired many, on the basis of his belief that those who died were sent to Heaven for eternal life. One example of this challenge is his Sonnet X, the "Unconventional Death," from which the famous lines "Death, do not be proud, even though some have called you/Mighty and terrible, for you are not." Even as he lay dying during Lent in 1631, he rose from his bed and delivered the Duel of Death sermon, which was later described as his own funeral sermon. The Death Duel describes life as a stable descendant for suffering and death; Death is just another life process, where the 'winding sheets' of the womb are the same as 'graves'. Hope is seen in salvation and immortality through the embrace of God, Christ and the Resurrection.
Style
His work has received much criticism over the years, especially regarding his metaphysical form. Donne is generally regarded as the most prominent member of the metaphysical poet, a phrase coined in 1781 by Samuel Johnson, following Donne's comment by John Dryden. Dryden has written about Donne in 1693: "He affects metaphysics, not only in his satire, but in the verses of his asthma, where nature should just rule, and confuse the mind of the wicked with a good philosophical speculation, when it must engage their hearts, and entertaining them with the gentleness of love. "In Cowley's Life (from Samuelona 1781's work on biography and criticism of the Life of the Prominent British Poet), Johnson refers to the early seventeenth century in which there was "The author's successor may be called a metaphysical poet." Donner's direct success in poetry therefore tends to regard his work with ambivalence, with the Neoclassic poet about his pride as a metaphorical misuse, but he is revived by romantic poets such as Coleridge and Browning, despite his more recent resurrection at the beginning of the 20th century by poets like TS Eliot and critics like FR Leavis tend to describe yes, by consent, as anti-Romantic.
Donne is considered the master of metaphysical vanity, a long metaphor that combines two very different ideas into one idea, often using imagery. An example of this is his likeness with his beloved with the saints in "The Canonization". In contrast to the pride found in other Elizabethan poetry, especially the pride of Petrarchan, which forms the cliché comparison between closer objects (such as roses and love), metaphysical pride goes to greater depth in comparing two completely different objects. One of the most famous of Donne's arrogance is found in "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" in which he compares two separate lovers like two compass legs.
Donne's works are also funny, using paradoxical, vocal, and subtle, yet astonishing analogies. The pieces are often ironic and cynical, especially about human love and motives. The general subject of Donne's poetry is love (especially in early life), death (especially after the death of his wife), and religion.
John Donne's poetry represents a shift from classical forms to more personal poems. Donne is famous for his poetic tools, arranged in a fickle and jagged rhythm that is very similar to ordinary speech (for that the more classical-minded Ben Jonson commented that "Donne, for not keeping an accent, deserves to be hung").
Some scholars believe that Donne's literary works reflect the changing trends of his life, with love poems and satirs from his youth and religious lectures during his final years. Other scholars, such as Helen Gardner, questioned the validity of this calendar - most of the poems were published posthumously (1633). Exceptions to this are the Anniversary , published in 1612 and Devotions upon Emergent Occasions published in 1624. His sermons are also dated, sometimes specifically by date and year.
Legacy
Donne is commemorated as a priest in the Church of England calendar and the Saints Calendar of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on March 31.
During his lifetime some similarities were made from the poet. The earliest is an anonymous 1594 portrait now at the recently restored National Portrait Gallery, London. One of Elizabethan's earliest portraits of a writer, the fashion-clad poet is shown grimly to his love. The portrait was described in Donne's will as "a picture of myne wych taken in shaddowes", and passed down by him to Robert Kerr, the 1st Earl of Ancram. Other paintings include head and shoulders 1616 after Isaac Oliver, also at the National Portrait Gallery, and 1622 head and shoulders at the Victoria and Albert Museum. In 1911 the young Stanley Spencer presented a visionary painting to John Donne arriving in heaven (1911) which is now at the Fitzwilliam Museum.
In the literature
After Donne's death, a number of poetic awards were paid to him, whose one (and hardest to follow) principle was his friend Lord Herbert of Cherbury's "Elegy for Doctor Donne." The posthumous editions of Donne's poem were accompanied by several "Elegies on the Author" for the next two centuries. Six of them were written by fellow churchmen, others by polite writers such as Thomas Carew, Sidney Godolphin, and Endymion Porter. In 1963 came Joseph Brodsky "The Great Elegy for John Donne".
Beginning in the 20th century, several historical novels emerged as the subject of their various episodes in Donne's life. Her boyfriend Anne More is the subject of Elizabeth Gray Vining Take Heed of Loving Me: A novel about John Donne (1963) and Maeve Haran's The Lady and the Poet (2010)). The two characters also made an appearance punctuated at Mary Novik Conceit (2007), where the main focus is on their rebel daughter, Pegge. English treatment includes Garry O'Connor's Death's Duel: John Donne's novel (2015), which deals with poets as a young man. He also played an important role in Christie Dickason's The Noble Assassin (2012), a novel based on the life of Donne's patron and his (claiming) lover Lucy Russell Countess of Bedford. Finally there is Bryan Crockett Love's Alchemy: a John Donne Mystery (2015), where the poet, squeezed into service in the spy network of Robert Cecil, attempts to avoid a political disaster and at the same time outwits Cecil.
Music settings
There is a musical arrangement of Donne's lyrics even during his lifetime. These included Alfonso Ferrabosco the young man ("So, so, leave this last kiss kisses" in his 1609 Ayres); John Cooper's ("The Message"); Henry Lawes' ("Break of Day"); John Dowland's ("Break of Day" and "To Ask for All Your Love"); and the setting of "A Hymn to God the Father" by the younger John Hilton and Pelham Humfrey (1688). After the 17th century there was no mention until the early 20th century with Havergal Brian ("A nocturnal on St Lucy Day", first performed in 1905), Eleanor Everest Freer ("Break of Day, published in 1905) and Walford Davies ("The Cross", 1909) was among the earliest.In 1945, Benjamin Britten assigned nine of the Sacred Sonnets Donne in his song cycle to the sounds and pianos of The Donald Saints of John Donne..net currently lists 162 arrangements for 62 texts by Donne, among them also the arrangement of the "Negative Love" choir that opens Harmonium (1981) by John Adams..
There are settings in popular music too. One of them is a version of the song "Go and Catch a Falling Star" on John Renbourn's debut album John Renbourn (1966), where the last line was changed to "False, before I counted one, two, three". On their 1992 album Duality, the English Neoclassical band Dark Wave In The Nursery uses Donne's overall "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" for the song "Mecciano" and an additional version of "A Fever" for the song "Corruption."
The prose text by Donne has also been set for music. In 1954, Priaulx Rainier set some within the Cycles for Declamation for solo sounds. In 2009, American Jennifer Higdon composed part of the choir On the Death of the Righteous , based on Donne's sermon. Newer still is the song "I'm Afraid No Longer, the chosen songs and meditation from John Donne" from Russia's minimalist Russian, "(2015).
Work
- Biathanatos (1608)
- Pseudo-Martyr (1610)
- Ignatius His Conclave (1611)
- Devotion to Emergent Occasions (1624)
- Poems (1633)
Note
References
Further reading
External links
- John Donne at EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica
- John Donne's Work on Project Gutenberg
- Works based on or about John Donne in the Internet Archive
- John Donne's work on LibriVox (public domain audiobook)
- John Donne Biography
- Poems by John Donne at PoetryFoundation.org
- John Donne Monument, St Paul's Cathedral
- home page of John Donne Society
- John Donne's full sermon
- John Donne: Sparknotes
- The Donne Variorum
- Digital Donne (the earliest edition of Donne's edition and manuscript)
- Michael John Trotta's arrangements on Break of Day for SATB/piano/English Horn on YouTube
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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