The window is an opening on walls, doors, roofs or vehicles that allow the reception of light, sound, and air. Modern windows are usually coated or covered with some other transparent or transparent material, a sling on the frame in the opening; sashes and frames are also referred to as windows. Many glass windows can be opened, to allow ventilation, or closed, to exclude bad weather. Windows often has a latch or similar mechanism to lock the closed window or hold it open with varying numbers.
The types include eyebrow windows, fixed windows, single-hung and double-hung shutters, horizontal sliding windows, casement windows, tent windows, hopper windows, tilt and sliding windows (often sized doors), tilt and turning windows, transom windows, windows sidelight, jalousie or louvered windows, clerestory windows, skylights, roof windows, roof lanterns, bay windows, oriel windows, thermal or Diocletian, windows, drawing windows, emergency exit windows, stained glass windows, French windows, panel windows and windows double and triple panoramas.
The Romans were the first to be known to use glass for windows, a technology that was probably first produced in Roman Egypt, in Alexandria ca. 100 AD. The paper windows are economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea and Japan. In England, glass became common in ordinary house windows only at the beginning of the 17th century whereas a window made up of paneled animal horns was used at the beginning of the 14th century. In the 19th century in western America, oily paper windows were used by mobile groups. Modern floor-to-ceiling windows become possible only after the steel plate manufacturing process is fully refined.
Video Window
Etymology
The English word window comes from Old Norse 'vindauga', from 'vindr - wind' and 'auga - eye', yes, the wind . In Norway Nynorsk and Iceland, the Old Norse form has survived to this day (in Iceland only as a less-used synonym for gluggi ), in Sweden the word vindÃÆ'¶ga remains as a term for the hole through the roof of the hut, and in Danish 'vindue' and Norwegian BokmÃÆ'  l 'vindu', the direct connection to the 'eye' is lost, like 'windows'. The Danish word (but not BokmÃÆ'  ¥ l) is pronounced almost the same as the window .
The Window was first recorded at the beginning of the 13th century, and was originally called a glaze hole in the roof. Window replaces the Old English eagÃÆ'¾yrl , which literally means 'eye-hole,' and 'eagduru' 'eye-door'. However, many Germanic languages ​​adopt the Latin word 'fenestra' to describe a window with glass, such as Sweden's 'fÃÆ'¶nster' standard, or 'Fenster' German. The use of window in English may be due to Scandinavian influences on English with borrowed words during the Viking Age. In English the word phenester is used as a parallel to the mid-18th century. Fenestration is still used to describe the window settings in faÃÆ'§ade, as well as defenestration , which means removing something from the window.
Maps Window
History
In the 13th century BC, the earliest windows were the glazed openings on the roof to receive light during the day. Then, the window is covered with animal skin, cloth, or wood. Shutters that can be opened and closed come next. Over time, windows are built that protect the population from the elements and transmitted light, using some small pieces of transparent material, such as transparent animal horn pieces, thin slices of marble, for example fengite, or pieces of glass, set in wooden frames , iron or lead. In the Far East, paper is used to fill the windows. The Romans were the first to be known to use glass for windows, a technology that was probably first produced in Roman Egypt. Namely, in Alexandria ca. 100 AD corrugated glass windows, albeit with poor optical properties, are beginning to emerge, but this is a small, thick production, little more than a blown glass jar (cylindrical shape) flattened into sheets with circular circular patterns all over. It will be more than a millennium before window glass becomes transparent enough to be seen clearly, as we think now.
For centuries the technique was developed to cut through one side of a blown glass cylinder and produce a square window glass that was thinner than the same amount of glass material. This gives rise to tall narrow windows, usually separated by a vertical support called mullion mullion. The unearthed glass windows are the window of choice among the rich Europeans, while the paper windows are economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea, and Japan. In England, glass became common in ordinary house windows only at the beginning of the 17th century whereas a window made up of paneled animal horns was used at the beginning of the 14th century.
Modern floor-to-ceiling windows become possible only after the manufacturing process of industrial glass plate is perfected. Modern windows are usually filled with glass, although some are transparent.
Type
Cross
A cross-window is a rectangular window that is usually divided into four lamps by the mullion and transom that make up the Latin cross.
Eyebrow
The term browsing window is used in two ways: a curved top window on a wall or in an eyebrow brow; and a row of small windows usually under the front roof like the James-Lorah House in Pennsylvania.
Fixed
A fixed window is a window that can not be opened, whose function is limited to allow incoming light (unlike non-fixed windows, which can open and close). Clerestory windows in church architecture are often improved. The Transom window can be repaired or operable. This type of window is used in situations where light or vision is necessary because ventilation is not possible in such windows without the use of exemplary ventilation or excessive ventilation.
Single-hung sash
A single-hung sorong window is a window that has one movable sash (usually the bottom) and the other fixed. This is the earliest form of sliding window sling, and also cheaper.
Double-hung sash
The sash window is a traditional window style in the United Kingdom, and many other places previously colonized by the British, with two overlapping sections and sliding up and down inside the frame. The two parts are not necessarily the same size; where the smaller (shorter) upper sash is called the cottage window. Currently the most recent double sash window uses spring balance to support the belt, but traditionally, the counterweight stored in the box on both sides of the window is used. These are and attached to the belt using braided wire pulleys or, then, artificial chains. Three types of spring balances are called tape or spring balance balance; channel or balance of block-and-overcome; and spiral or tube balance.
Traditional double pendant windows are often fitted with windows. The sash window can be fitted with a simple hinge that lets the window lock onto the hinges on one side, while the rope on the other side is removed - so the window can be opened for fire escape or cleaning.
Slash horizontal slash
The horizontal sliding shift window has two or more slightly overlapping sling but slide horizontally inside the frame. In the UK, these are sometimes called Yorkshire sash windows, probably because of their traditional use in that area.
Casement
The trapdoor is a hinged sling window that swings in or out like a side-hanging door, hung at the top (also called a "tent window" see below), or sometimes a sling that hangs underneath or a combination of of this type, sometimes with fixed panels on one or more sides of the sash. In the United States, these are usually opened using a crank, but in parts of Europe they tend to use fixed friction projections and espagnolette locking. Previously, simple hinges were used with live patches. The submission applies to the trapdoor to determine the direction of the swing; tuckkap windows can be left-handed, right handed, or double. Window shutters are the dominant type now found in modern buildings in England and many other parts of Europe.
Awning
The tent window is a horizontal hinged window hanging over it, so it swings out like a tent. In addition to being used independently, they can be stacked, some in one opening, or combined with fixed glass. They are very useful for ventilation.
Hopper
The hopper window is an open-loop window that opens with vertical tilt, usually to the inside.
Pivot
The pivot window is a window that hangs on one hinge on each of the two opposite sides that allow the window to spin when opened. Hinges can be mounted up and down (Vertical Pivoted) or on each frame (Rotated horizontally). The window will normally open initially to a limited position for ventilation and, once released, is fully backed up and the key again for safe cleaning from within. Modern pivot hinges incorporate friction devices to hold the window open against its own weight and may have reversed restraints and locks. In the UK, where windows of this type are most common, they are widely installed in high-rise social housing.
Tilt and drag
The slope and sliding window is the window (usually more window-sized door) where the sling is tilted upwards at the top and then gliding horizontally behind the fixed panel.
Tilt and rotate
The tilt and turn window can tilt in on the top or open inward from the side hinges. This is the most common window type in Germany, the country of origin. It is also widespread in many other European countries. In Europe, this is usually the "first round" type. ie when the handle is changed to 90 degrees, the window opens in hanging side mode. With the handle turned to 180 degrees, the window will open in the bottom base mode. Most usually in the UK the window will be "first sloping" ie the bottom is hung on 90 degrees for ventilation and the sides are hung at 180 degrees to clean the outer face of the glass from inside the building.
Transom
A window above the door; on the outside of the window transom is often fixed, the interior door can open either with hinges on top or bottom, or rotate on the hinges. It provides ventilation before heating and forced air cooling. Fan-shaped transoms are known as spotlights, especially in the British Isles.
Side light
The window beside the door or window is called side -, wing -, and margen-lights and flanking the windows .
Jalousie Window
Also known as louvered windows, the jalousie window consists of glass or acrylic parallel blades that open and close like Venetian blinds, usually using a crank or lever. They are widely used in tropical architecture. Jalousie doors are doors with jalousie windows.
Clerestory
Clerestory windows are windows that are arranged in a roof structure or high on the wall, used for natural lighting.
Skylight
A skylight is a window built into a roof structure. This type of window allows natural light and moonlight.
Roof
The sloping windows used for natural lighting, built into a roof structure. This is one of the few windows that can be used as a way out. Larger roof windows meet building codes for emergency evacuation.
Roof lantern
The roof of the lantern is a multi-paned glass structure, resembling a small building, built in the roof for daylight or moonlight. Sometimes including additional clerestory. It may also be called a dome.
Bay
The bay window is a multi-panel window, with at least three panels arranged at different angles to create a bulge from the wall line.
Oriel
These bay window shapes most often appear in Tudor-style houses and monasteries. It projects from the wall and does not extend to the ground. Initially a porch, they are often supported by parentheses or korbel.
Thermal
Thermal, or Diocletian, windows are large semicircular windows (or niches) which are usually divided into three lamps (window compartments) by two mullions. The central compartment is often wider than the two side lights on either side.
Images
The drawing window is a large fixed window on the wall, usually with no glass panels, or glass with only a small glaze glaze near the edge of the window. The image window provides an uninterrupted view, as if framing the image.
Multi-lite
The multi-lite window is a glassed window with small glass panes separated by wooden or glazed tin, or muntins, arranged in a decorative pattern Emergency exit/exit
The emergency exit window is a large enough window and low enough so that residents can escape through the opening in an emergency, such as a fire. In many countries, the exact specifications for emergency windows in the bedroom are provided in many building codes. The specifications for the window also allow for emergency rescue. Vehicles, such as buses and airplanes, also often have emergency exit windows.
Stained glass
Stained glass windows are windows made up of colored, transparent, translucent or opaque pieces of glass, often depicting people or scenes. Usually the glass in this window is separated by tin glass. Stained glass windows are very popular in Victorian houses and some of Wright's homes, and are very common in churches.
French
A French door has two rows of perpendicular rectangular glass panes (lamps) stretched full and these two doors on the exterior walls and without the separating pole separating them, which opens outward with hinges opposite to the porch or porch, referred to as a French Window . Sometimes these are arranged in pairs or multiples along a very large outdoor wall, but often, a French window is placed centrally in a regular-sized space, perhaps among other fixed windows flanking the feature. French windows are known as porte-fenÃÆ'ªtre in France and portafinestra in Italy, and are often used in modern homes.
Double-paned
The double-paned window has two parallel panels (glass sheets) with separation usually about 1 cm; this chamber is permanently sealed and filled during manufacture with dry air or other nonreactive dry gases. Such windows provide marked improvement in thermal insulation (and usually in acoustic isolation as well) and resistant to fogging and frosting caused by temperature differences. They are widely used for residential and commercial construction in intense climates. The triple-paned windows have been commercially manufactured and marketed with additional benefit claims but have not become common. In the United Kingdom double-paned and triple-paned referred to as double glazing and triple-glass.
Hexagonal window
The hexagonal window is a hexagon-shaped window, resembling a bee cell or a crystal lattice of graphite. Windows can be oriented vertically or horizontally, can be opened or off. It can also be of regular shape or elongately and can have a separator (mullion). Typically, mobile windows are used for attics or as decorative features, but can also be a major architectural element to provide natural lighting within the building.
Requirements
EN 12519 is a European norm that describes window terms officially used in EU Member States. The main terms are:
- Light , or Lite , is the area between the outside of the window (transom, sill and jambs), usually filled with glass panels. Some panels are shared by mullions when load, muntin when not.
- Grid lights are composite panels composed of small pieces of glass united in the grid.
- Fixed Window is a unit of one lite that does not move. The terms single light , double light , etc., See the number of these glass panels in the window.
- Sash unit is a window consisting of at least one sliding glass component, usually consisting of two lites (known as double-light ).
- The replacement window in the United States means a framed window designed to fit into the original window frame from the inside after long binding is removed. In Europe it usually means complete window including outer replacement frame.
- New construction window , in the US, means a window with a nail fin inserted into the rough opening from the outside before applying siding and in trim. A nail nail is a projection on the outer frame of the window in the same plane as the glass, which overlaps with the prepared opening, and thus can be 'nailed' into place.
- In the UK and mainland Europe, windows in new homes are usually installed with long screws into plastic plugs that extend in the brick. Gaps up to 13 mm remaining on all four sides, and filled with expanding polyurethane foam. This makes the windows fix the weather but allows for expansion due to the heat.
- Lintel is a beam at the top of the window, also known as transom.
- The window threshold is the bottom in the window frame. Window sills tilted outward to drain water from the inside of the building.
- Secondary glass is an additional frame applied to the inside of an existing frame, usually used in protected or registered buildings to achieve higher levels of heat and sound insulation without compromising the appearance of the building. li>
- Decorative milling work is printing, cornices and lintels that often adorn the edges of windows that surround it.
Label
The NFRC Window The American label includes the following terms:
- Thermal transmission (U-factor), best value around U-0.15 (equal to 0.8 W/m2/K)
- Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), the ratio of solar heat (infrared) through glass to the occurrence of solar heat
- Visible transmittance (VT), the ratio of visible light transmitted divided by visible light incident
- Air leak (AL), measured in cubic feet per minute per linear foot of crack between sling and frame
- Condensation resistance (CR), measured between 1 and 100 (the higher the number, the higher the condensation-forming resistance)
The European harmonization standard hen 14351-1, which deals with doors and windows, defines 23 characteristics (divided into essential and non important .On the other two, the early European Norms is under construction agreement with internal pedestrian doors (prEN 14351-2), smoke doors and fireproof doors, and windows that can be opened (pren 16034).
Construction
Windows can be a significant source of heat transfer. Therefore, an insulated glass unit consists of two or more panels to reduce heat transfer.
Grid or muntin
These are the framing pieces that separate the larger windows into smaller panels. In older windows, large glass panels are quite expensive, so the muntin let the smaller panels fill the larger space. In modern windows, light-colored muntins still provide useful functions by reflecting some of the light entering through the window, making the window itself a diffuse source of light (not just surfaces and objects illuminated in the room). By increasing the indirect lighting from the surface near the window, muntin tends to brighten the area around the window and reduce the contrast of shadows in the room.
Construction of frame and sash
Frames and belts can be made from the following materials:
- * PVC and fiberglass frames work well in accelerated weathering testing. Because PVC is not as strong as other materials, some PVC frames are reinforced with metal or composite materials to enhance their structural strength.
- ** Modern aluminum window frames are usually separated by thermal terminations made of glass fiber reinforced polyamide. With a 34 mm thermal insulation profile it is possible to achieve Uf = 1.3Ã, W/mÃ,²K for metal shutters. This greatly improves heat resistance, while maintaining virtually any structural strength.
Composites (also known as Hybrid Windows) from early 1998 and incorporate materials such as pvc or wood aluminum to obtain the aesthetics of one material with other functional benefits.
The special class of PVC window frames, uPVC window frames, has become widespread since the end of the 20th century, especially in Europe: there are 83.5 million installed in 1998 with an ever-increasing number in 2012.
Glossy and filling
Panels with low emissivity reduce heat transfer by radiation, which depends on which surface is coated, helps prevent heat loss (in cold climates) or heat recovery (in warm climates).
High heat resistance can be obtained by evacuating or filling a gas insulated glass unit such as argon or krypton, which reduces conductive heat transfer due to their low thermal conductivity. The performance of these units depends on good window seal and precise frame construction to prevent air ingress and loss of efficiency.
Modern panel panels and modern triple-panes often include one or more low layers to reduce the window U factor (its insulation value, particularly its heat loss rate). In general, soft low-e layers tend to produce lower solar thermal expansion coefficients (SHGC) than the hard underlayers.
Modern windows are usually coated with one large sheet of glass per sash, while the windows in the past were lined with several panels separated by glass glass, or muntins, due to the unavailability of the glass sheets big. Currently, glass blades tend to be decorative, separating windows into small panes of glass even though larger glass panels are available, generally in a pattern determined by the architectural style used. Glass coatings are usually made of wood, but sometimes tin-plated slats are soldered in places used for more complicated glass patterns.
More construction details
Many windows have window shutters moving like curtains or curtains to prevent light, provide additional insulation, or ensure privacy. Windows allows natural light to enter, but too much can have negative effects such as glare and increased heat. Also, while the window lets the user look out, there must be a way to keep the privacy inside. The window shutters are a practical accommodation for this problem.
Sun impact
Angle of sun incident
Historically, windows were designed with surfaces parallel to the walls of vertical buildings. Such designs allow for considerable sunlight and heat penetration due to the most frequent occurrence of the sun's angle. In the design of passive solar buildings, extended eaves are typically used to control the amount of sunlight and heat that goes into the window (s).
An alternative method is to calculate the optimal window mounting angle that takes into account the minimization of summer sunlight, taking into account the actual latitude of the building. This process has been carried out, for example, at the Dakin Building in Brisbane, California - where most of the fenestrations are designed to reflect summer heat loads and help prevent over-illumination and glare in the summer, by reflecting windows to nearly 45 degree angles.
Solar window
Photovoltaic windows not only provide a clear view and illuminate the room, but also convert sunlight into electricity for buildings. In many cases, translucent photovoltaic cells are used. Passive solar
Passive Solar
Passive solar windows allow light and solar energy into the building while minimizing air leakage and heat loss. Correctly positioning this window in relation to the sun, wind, and landscape - while wearing it properly to limit the overheating of summer and shoulder heat, and providing thermal mass to absorb energy during the day and release it during cold temperatures at night - comfort and energy efficiency. Properly designed in climates with sufficient solar gain, this can even be the main building heating system.
Closing
The window cover is a shadow or screen that provides many functions. Some covers, such as curtains and curtains give residents privacy. Several window coverings control the recovery and sun glare. There are external shadow devices and internal shadow devices. Low-e window film is a low cost alternative to window replacement to convert windows that have no isolation into energy-efficient windows. For high-rise buildings, smart glass can provide an alternative.
Gallery
See also
References
External links
- Publication of European Aluminum Association dedicated to Building
- Roman Glass from the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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