A condom is a shaped protective device, used during intercourse to reduce the likelihood of pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections (STIs). There are male and female condoms. With proper use - and used in every act of sexual intercourse - women whose partners use a male condom experience a 2% annual pregnancy rate. With typical use the pregnancy rate is 18% per year. Its use greatly reduces the risk of gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, hepatitis B, and HIV/AIDS. They also at lower levels protect against genital herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV), and syphilis.
A male condom should be rolled into an erect penis before intercourse and work by blocking the semen from entering the body of the sexual partner. Male condoms are usually made of latex and less frequently than polyurethane or intestine sheep. Male condoms have the advantages of ease of use, easy access, and few side effects. In those with latex allergies, polyurethanes or other synthetic versions should be used. Female condoms are usually made of polyurethane and can be used several times.
Condoms as a method of preventing STIs have been used since at least 1564. Rubber condoms were available in 1855, followed by latex condoms in the 1920s. They are on the World Health Organization's Essential Drug List, the most effective and safe medicines needed in the health system. Wholesale costs in developing countries are about 0.03 to 0.08 USD each. In the United States condoms usually cost less than 1.00 USD. Globally less than 10% of those using contraceptives use condoms. Levels of condom use are higher in developed countries. In the UK condom is the second most common method of birth control (22%) while in the United States is the third most common (15%). About six to nine billion sold a year.
Video Condom
Medical use
Birth control
The effectiveness of condoms, like most forms of contraception, can be judged in two ways. Perfect use or method level of effectiveness only includes people who use condoms correctly and consistently. actual usage , or the typical effectiveness level of use is all condom users, including those who use condoms incorrectly or do not use condoms on every act of sexual intercourse. Prices are generally presented for the first year of use. The most common Pearl Index is used to calculate effectiveness levels, but some studies use subtraction tables.
The average use rate of pregnancy among condom users varies depending on the population studied, ranging from 10 to 18% per year. The rate of use of a perfect pregnancy condom is 2% per year. Condoms can be combined with other forms of contraception (such as spermicides) for greater protection.
Sexually transmitted infections
Condoms are widely recommended for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). They have been shown to be effective in reducing infection rates in men and women. Although not perfect, condoms are effective in reducing the transmission of organisms that cause AIDS, genital herpes, cervical cancer, genital warts, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and other diseases. Condoms are often recommended in addition to more effective birth control methods (such as IUDs) in situations where STD protection is also desirable.
According to a 2000 report by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the use of latex condoms consistently reduces the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission by about 85% relative to risk when unprotected, putting seroconversion levels at 0.9 per 100 years of people with condoms , down from 6.7 per 100 person-years. An analysis published in 2007 from the University of Texas Medical Branch and the World Health Organization found similar 80-95% risk reduction.
The NIH 2000 review concluded that condom use significantly reduced the risk of gonorrhea for men. A 2006 study reported that proper use of condoms reduced the risk of transmitting human papillomavirus (HPV) to women by about 70%. Another study in the same year found consistent use of condoms effective in reducing transmission of herpes simplex virus-2, also known as genital herpes, in both men and women.
Although condoms are effective in limiting exposure, some disease transmission may occur even with condoms. The area of ​​infection of the genitalia, especially when symptoms appear, may not be covered by condoms, and as a result, some diseases such as HPV and herpes can be transmitted by direct contact. The main effectiveness issue with using condoms to prevent STDs, however, is inconsistent use.
Condoms can also be useful in treating potentially cervical changes before cancer. Exposure to human papillomavirus, even in individuals already infected with the virus, appears to increase the risk of precancerous changes. Condom use helps promote the regression of these changes. In addition, researchers in the UK stated that the hormone in semen can aggravate existing cervical cancer, the use of condoms during sex can prevent exposure to hormones.
Cause of failure
Condoms may be released from the penis after ejaculation, breaks due to improper application or physical damage (such as tears caused when opening the package), or ruptures or slips due to latex degradation (usually from use beyond expiration date, improper storage, or exposure to oil). The level of damage is between 0.4% and 2.3%, while the skid rate is between 0.6% and 1.3%. Even if no damage or skid is observed, 1-3% of women will be tested positive for cement residue after having sex with a condom.
"Double pocketing", using two condoms at once, is often believed to cause a higher failure rate due to rubber friction on the rubber. This claim is not supported by research. A limited study has found that simultaneous use of some condoms reduces the risk of condom damage.
Various modes of condom failure produce different levels of cement exposure. If a failure occurs during an application, a damaged condom may be discarded and a new condom is applied before intercourse begins - the failure generally does not pose a risk to the user. One study found that exposure to semen from damaged condoms was about half of unprotected sexual intercourse; cement exposure from a slipped condom is about one-fifth of unprotected sexual intercourse.
Standard condoms will fit almost any penis, with varying levels of comfort or risk of skid. Many condom manufacturers offer "comfortable" or "magnum" sizes. Some manufacturers also offer custom size-to-match condoms, with claims that they are more reliable and offer improved sensation/comfort. Several studies have linked larger penises and smaller condoms with increased damage and decreased skid levels (and vice versa), but other studies can not be concluded.
It is recommended for condom manufacturers to avoid condoms that are very thick or very thin, as both are considered less effective. Some authors encourage users to choose thinner condoms "for greater durability, sensation, and comfort," but others warn that "thinner condoms, the smaller the force it takes to destroy them."
Experienced condom users are significantly less likely to have a slip or condom break compared to first-time users, even if users who experience one slippage or damage are more likely to experience a second failure. An article in Citizen Report suggests that education on condom use reduces behaviors that increase the risk of damage and slippage. Family Health International publications also offer the view that education can reduce the risk of damage and slippage, but emphasizes that more research needs to be done to determine all causes of damage and slippage.
Among people who intend condoms to be a form of birth control, pregnancy can occur when the user has unprotected sex. The person may have run out of condoms, or travel and have no condom with them, or just do not like the nuances of condoms and decide to "take a chance". This type of behavior is a major cause of typical usage failure (compared to methods or improper use failures).
Another possible cause of condom failure is sabotage. One motive is to have children against the wishes or consent of the couple. Some commercial sex workers from Nigeria reported that clients damaged condoms in retaliation for being forced to use condoms. Using fine needles to make some small holes at the tip of a condom is believed to significantly affect its effectiveness. Such cases of condom sabotage have occurred.
Maps Condom
Side effects
The use of latex condoms by people with latex allergy can cause allergy symptoms, such as skin irritation. In people with severe latex allergies, using potentially life-threatening latex condoms. The frequent use of latex condoms can also lead to the development of latex allergy in some people. Irritation can also occur due to possible spermicides.
Use
Male condoms are usually packed inside a foil or plastic wrap, in rolled form, and designed to apply to the tip of the penis and then open over an erect penis. It is important that some of the room is left at the end of the condom so that the cement has a place to collect; otherwise it may be forced out of the base of the device. After use, it is recommended that the condom be wrapped in a tissue or tied to a knot, then thrown in the trash. Condoms are used to reduce the likelihood of pregnancy during intercourse and to reduce the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Condoms are also used during fellatio to reduce the likelihood of contracting STIs.
Some couples find that wearing condoms interfere with sex, although others incorporate condom applications as part of their warming. Some men and women find a physical barrier from the sensation of a dull condom. The advantages of blunt sensations may include prolonged erections and delayed ejaculation; loss may include loss of some sexual pleasure. Proponents of condom use also cite their benefits because it is cheap, easy to use, and has few side effects.
Adult film industry
In 2012, supporters gathered 372,000 voter signatures through a citizen initiative in Los Angeles County to place Measure B in the 2012 vote. As a result, Measure B, a law that requires the use of condoms in the production of pornographic films, was passed. This requirement has received a lot of criticism and is said by some to be counterproductive, only forcing companies that make pornographic films to be moved elsewhere without this requirement. Manufacturers claim that condom use depresses sales.
Sex education
Condoms are often used in sex education programs, because they have the ability to reduce the likelihood of pregnancy and the spread of some sexually transmitted diseases when used properly. The American Psychological Association (APA) recent press release supports the inclusion of information about condoms in sex education, says " comprehensive sexuality education program... addresses appropriate condom use ", and " promotes use of condoms for those who are sexually active . "
In the United States, teaching about condoms in public schools is challenged by some religious organizations. Planned Parenthood, which advocates family planning and sex education, argues that no studies show abstinence programs only to result in delayed sexual intercourse, and cites a survey showing that 76% of American parents want their children to receive comprehensive sexuality education including use condom.
Infertility treatments
General procedures in infertility treatments such as cement analysis and intrauterine insemination (IUI) require the collection of semen samples. This is most often obtained through masturbation, but an alternative to masturbation is the use of special collections condoms to collect semen during sexual intercourse.
Collection of condoms made of silicone or polyurethane, because latex is somewhat harmful to sperm. Many men prefer the collection of condoms for masturbation, and some religions forbid masturbation completely. Also, compared to samples obtained from masturbation, the cement sample from the condom collection had higher sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm percentage with normal morphology. For this reason, they are believed to provide more accurate results when used for semen analysis, and to increase the likelihood of pregnancy when used in procedures such as intracervical or intrauterine insemination. Religious followers who prohibit contraception, such as Catholics, may use a collection of condoms with punctures stabbed inside them.
For fertility treatment, a collection of condoms can be used to collect semen during sexual intercourse in which semen is provided by a female partner. Private sperm donors can also use a collection of condoms to get samples through masturbation or through sexual intercourse with a partner and will transfer ejaculation from a collection of condoms to specially designed containers. Sperm is transported in such containers, in the case of a donor, to a recipient woman to be used for insemination, and in the case of a female partner, to a fertility clinic for processing and use. However, transport can reduce fecundity of sperm. Collection of condoms can also be used where semen is produced in sperm banks or fertility clinics.
Condom therapy is sometimes prescribed for infertile couples when women have high levels of antisperm antibodies. The theory is that preventing exposure to the partner's sperm will lower his antiseptic antibody level, thereby increasing his chances of pregnancy when condom therapy is stopped. However, condom therapy has not been shown to improve the next pregnancy rate.
Other uses
Condoms excel as multipurpose containers and barriers because they are waterproof, elastic, durable, and (for military and espionage use) will not arouse suspicion if found.
Ongoing military utilization began during World War II, and included the muzzle of the barrel gun to prevent fouling, waterproofing of underwater dismantling assemblies, and storage of corrosive materials and garrote by paramilitary institutions.
Condoms have also been used to smuggle alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and other drugs across the border and into prisons by filling condoms with drugs, tying them in a knot and then swallowing them or putting them into the rectum. These methods are very dangerous and potentially lethal; if the condom breaks out, the medicines inside are absorbed into the bloodstream and can cause an overdose.
Medically, condoms can be used to cover endovaginal ultrasound probes, or in needle decompression in the chest, they can be used to make one-way valves.
Condoms have also been used to protect scientific samples from the environment, and waterproof microphones for underwater recording.
Type
Most condoms have ends of dams or dots, making it easier to accommodate male ejaculation. Condoms come in a variety of sizes, from comfortable to bigger, and shape. The width often varies from 49 mm to 56 mm. Sizes from 45 mm to 60 mm, but there are.
They also come in a variety of surfaces that are intended to stimulate user partners. Condoms are usually provided with a lubricant layer to facilitate penetration, while scented condoms are basically used for oral sex. As mentioned above, most condoms are made of latex, but polyurethane condoms and sheepskin also exist.
Female condom
Male condoms have tight rings to form seals around the penis while female condoms usually have large rigid rings so as not to slip into body holes. The Women's Health Company manufactures female condoms originally made from polyurethane, but newer versions are made of nitrile. Medtech products produce female condoms made from latex.
Materials
Natural latex
Latex has remarkable elastic properties: Its tensile strength exceeds 30 MPa, and latex condoms can be stretched more than 800% before fracture. In 1990 ISO established standards for condom production (ISO 4074, Natural latex rubber condoms), and the EU followed the CEN standard (Directive 93/42/EEC on medical equipment). Each latex condom is tested for a hole with an electric current. If the condom passes, it is rolled up and packed. In addition, a portion of each batch of condoms is subject to water leaks and air burst testing.
While the advantages of latex make it the most popular condom ingredient, it has several drawbacks. Latex condoms are damaged when used with oil-based materials as lubricants, such as petroleum jelly, cooking oil, baby oil, mineral oil, skin lotions, sunbathing lotions, cold cream, butter or margarine. Contact with oil makes latex condoms more likely to break apart because of loss of elasticity caused by oil. In addition, latex allergies block the use of latex condoms and are one of the main reasons for the use of other materials. In May 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration gave approval for the production of condoms consisting of Vytex, a latex that had been treated to remove 90% of proteins responsible for allergic reactions. Free allergen condoms made from synthetic latex (polyisoprene) are also available.
Synthetic
The most common non-latex condoms are made of polyurethane. Condoms can also be made from other synthetic materials, such as AT-10 resins, and the latest one is polyisoprene.
Polyurethanes condoms tend to have the same width and thickness as latex condoms, with most polyurethane condoms between 0.04 mm and 0.07 mm.
Polyurethane can be considered better than latex in several ways: it performs better heat than latex, insensitive to temperature and ultraviolet light (and also has more rigid storage requirements and longer shelf life), can be used with oil-based lubricants, less allergic than latex, and has no odor. Polyurethane condoms have been approved by the FDA for sale in the United States as an effective method of contraception and HIV prevention, and under laboratory conditions have proved equally effective with latex for this purpose.
However, polyurethane condoms are less elastic than latex condoms, and may be easier to slip or break than latex, loss of shape or collection over latex, and more costly.
Polyisoprene is a synthetic version of natural rubber latex. While significantly more expensive, it has the advantage of latex (as it is softer and more elastic than polyurethane condoms) without proteins responsible for latex allergy. Like polyurethane condoms, polyisoprene condoms are said to do a better job of transmitting body heat. Unlike polyurethane condoms, they can not be used with oil-based lubricants.
Sheepskin
Condoms made of sheep intestine, labeled "sheepskin", are also available. Although they are generally effective as a means of contraception by blocking sperm, it is estimated that they tend to be less effective than latex in preventing the transmission of agents that cause PMS, due to the pores in the material. This is based on the idea that the intestines, by their very nature, are porous, permeable membranes, and while sperm are too large to pass through the pores, viruses - such as HIV, herpes, and genital warts - are small enough to pass. through. However, to date no clinical data have confirmed or denied this theory. Some believe that sheep skin condoms provide a more "natural" sensation, and they have no allergens attached to latex, but because of their lower protection against infection, other hypoallergenic materials such as polyurethane are recommended for latex-allergy and/or couples. Sheepskin condoms are also much more expensive than other types and as a byproduct of slaughter they are also not vegetarian.
Spermicide
Some latex condoms are lubricated in the manufacturer with a small amount of nonoxynol-9, a spermicide chemical. According to Consumer Reports, condoms lubricated with spermicide have no additional benefit in preventing pregnancy, have a shorter shelf life, and can cause urinary tract infections in women. In contrast, separately packaged spermicidal applications are believed to increase the efficacy of condom contraceptives.
Nonoxynol-9 was once believed to offer additional protection against STDs (including HIV) but recent research has shown that, with frequent use, nonoxynol-9 may increase the risk of HIV transmission. The World Health Organization says that sperm-lubricated condoms should no longer be promoted. However, he recommends using non-condensed condoms nonoxynol-9 without condoms at all. In 2005, nine condom producers have stopped producing condoms with nonoxynol-9 and Planned Parenthood has stopped the distribution of condoms that are lubricated.
Striped and studded
Textured condoms include striped and striped condoms that can provide extra sensation for both partners. Buttons or ribs can be found on the inside, outside, or both; as an alternative, they are placed in certain parts to provide direct stimulation to the g-spot or frenulum. Many textured condoms that advertise "shared fun" are also spherical at the top, to provide extra stimulation to the penis. Some women experience irritation during sex with a studded condom.
More
Anti-rape condoms are another variation designed to be worn by women. This is designed to inflict pain for the attacker, hopefully allowing the victim to have a chance to escape.
Collection of condoms is used to collect semen for fertility treatment or sperm analysis. Condoms are designed to maximize sperm life.
Some condom devices are for entertainment purposes only, such as dark condoms in the dark. This new condom may not provide protection against pregnancy and STD.
Prevalence
The prevalence of condom use varies greatly between countries. Most surveys on contraceptive use are among married women, or women in informal unions. Japan has the highest rate of condom use in the world: in that country, condoms account for almost 80% of contraceptive use by married women. On average, in developed countries, condoms are the most popular birth control method: 28% of married contraceptive users rely on condoms. In less developed countries, condoms are less common: only 6-8% of married contraceptive users choose condoms.
History
Before the 19th century
Are condoms used in ancient civilizations disputed by archaeologists and historians. In ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, prevention of pregnancy was generally seen as the responsibility of women, and the only well-documented method of contraception was women-controlled tools. In Asia before the 15th century, some use of condoms glans (a tool that only covers the head of the penis) is recorded. Condoms appear to have been used for contraception, and are known only to upper class members. In China, the condom glands may be made of oiled silk paper, or sheep's intestines. In Japan, they are made of turtle shells or animal horns.
In the 16th century Italy, anatomist and physician Gabriele Falloppio wrote a treatise on syphilis. The earliest documented type of syphilis, first occurring in Europe in the 1490s, caused severe symptoms and frequent deaths within months of contracting the disease. Falloppio's treatise is the earliest description of condom use: it describes a linen sheath soaked in a chemical solution and allowed to dry before use. The fabric he describes is sized to cover the penis gland, and is held with a ribbon. Falloppio claims that experimental experimental linen sheaths show protection against syphilis.
After this, the use of the penis cover to protect from the disease is described in various literatures throughout Europe. The first indication that this device is used for birth control, rather than disease prevention, is the theological publication 1605 De iustitia et iure (About justice and law) by Catholic theologian Leonardus Lessius, who condemns them as immoral.. In 1666, the UK Birth Commission linked recent fertility rates downward to use "condons", the first documented use of the word (or similar spelling). (Other preliminary spellings include "condam" and "quondam", from which Italian derivation "guantone" has been suggested, from "guanto", "gloves.")
In addition to linen, condoms during the Renaissance are made of the gut and bladder. At the end of the 16th century, Dutch merchants introduced condoms made from "delicate skin" to Japan. Unlike previously used horn condoms, these skin condoms cover the entire penis.
Casanova in the 18th century was one of the first to report using a "guarantee cap" to prevent impregnating his mistress.
From at least the 18th century, the use of condoms was challenged in some legal, religious, and medical circles for the same reason given today: condoms reduce the chances of pregnancy, which some assume is immoral or undesirable for the nation; they do not provide full protection against sexually transmitted infections, while the belief in their protective powers is considered to encourage sexual intercourse; and, they are not used consistently due to discomfort, cost, or loss of sensation.
Despite the opposition, the condom market is growing rapidly. In the 18th century, condoms were available in various qualities and sizes, made of either chemically treated linen, or "leather" (bladder or bowel softened by treatment with sulfur and alkali). They are sold in pubs, barbers, chemical stores, open markets, and theaters across Europe and Russia. They then spread to America, although in every place it is generally only used by the middle and upper classes, due to the cost and lack of sex education.
1800 to 1920s
The early 19th century saw contraception promoted to the poorer classes for the first time. The authors of contraception tend to prefer other methods of birth control for condoms. At the end of the 19th century many feminists expressed distrust of condoms as a means of contraception, because their use was controlled and decided by men alone. They advocate for methods controlled by women, such as diaphragms and spermicides. Other authors cite both condom costs and unreliable (they are often perforated with holes, and often fall or fracture), but they discuss condoms as a good option for some people, and as the only contraceptive that is also protected from the disease.
Many countries are issuing laws that hamper contraceptive manufacture and promotion. Despite these restrictions, condoms are promoted by travel professors and advertisements in newspapers, using euphemisms in places where the advertisement is illegal. Instructions on how to make condoms at home are distributed in the United States and Europe. Despite social and legal contradictions, at the end of the 19th century condoms were the most popular method of birth control in the Western world.
Beginning in the second half of the nineteenth century, the rate of American sexually transmitted diseases skyrocketed. The causes cited by historians include the effects of the American Civil War, and the ignorance of prevention methods promoted by the Comstock law. To combat a growing epidemic, sex education classes are introduced to public schools for the first time, teaching about venereal diseases and how they are transmitted. They generally teach that abstinence is the only way to avoid sexually transmitted diseases. Condoms are not promoted for disease prevention because the medical community and moral supervisors regard STD as a punishment for sexual behavior. The stigma against the victims of this disease is so great that many hospitals refuse to treat people suffering from syphilis.
The German military was the first to promote the use of condoms among its troops, beginning in the 19th century. Early 20th century experiments by the American military concluded that giving condoms to soldiers significantly lowered the rate of sexually transmitted diseases. During World War I, the United States and (at the beginning of the war only) Britain was the only country with soldiers in Europe who did not provide condoms and promote their use.
In the decades after World War I, there were still social and legal barriers to condom use throughout the US and Europe. Psychoanalyst founder Sigmund Freud opposes all birth control methods on the grounds that their failure rate is too high. Freud is especially against condoms because he thinks it reduces sexual pleasure. Some feminists continue to oppose male-controlled contraception such as condoms. In 1920, the Lambeth Conference in the Church of England condemned all the "unnatural ways of evolving conception". London bishop Arthur Winnington-Ingram complained about the number of condoms being dumped in alleys and parks, especially after weekends and holidays.
However, the European military continues to provide condoms to its members for disease protection, even in countries where they are illegal to the general population. Throughout the 1920s, attractive names and slick packaging became an increasingly important marketing technique for many consumer goods, including condoms and cigarettes. Quality testing is becoming more common, involving the filling of each condom with air followed by one of several methods intended to detect pressure loss. Worldwide, condom sales doubled in the 1920s.
Rubber and manufacturing progress
In 1839, Charles Goodyear found a way of treating natural rubber, which was too stiff when cold and too soft when warm, in such a way as to make it elastic. This proves to have an advantage for making condoms; unlike condoms of sheep intestines, they can stretch and not tear quickly when used. The rubber vulcanization process was patented by Goodyear in 1844. The first rubber condom was produced in 1855. The earliest rubber condom had a layer and a thickness of a bicycle tire. In addition to this type, small rubber condoms that simply cover the glands are often used in the UK and the United States. There is more risk of losing them and if the rubber ring is too tight, it will constrict the penis. This type of condom is the original "capote" (French for condoms), probably because of its resemblance to the woman's hat worn at the time, also called capote.
For decades, rubber condoms were made by wrapping crude rubber strips around the penis-shaped mold, then dipping the mold wrapped in a chemical solution to cure the rubber. In 1912, Polish inventor Julius Fromm developed a new, better manufacturing technique for condoms: dipping glass molds into a crude rubber solution. Called cement insertion , this method requires the addition of gasoline or benzene to the rubber to make it liquid. Latex, rubber suspended in water, was discovered in 1920. Latex condoms require less labor to produce than rubber condoms dipped from cement, which must be smoothed by rubbing and trimming. Use of water to suspend rubber instead of gasoline and benzene eliminates the fire hazard previously associated with all condom plants. Latex condoms also perform better for consumers: they are stronger and thinner than rubber condoms, and have a shelf life of five years (compared to three months for rubber).
Until the twenties, all individual condoms were dipped hands by semi-skilled workers. Throughout the 1920s, progress in the automation of condom assembly lines was made. The first fully automated line was patented in 1930. Large condom manufacturers bought or rent conveyor systems, and small manufacturers were driven out of business. Leather condoms, now significantly more expensive than latex varieties, are limited to high-end niche markets.
1930 to present
In 1930 the Lambeth Conference of the Anglican Church approved the use of birth control by a married couple. In 1931, the Federal Council of Churches in the United States issued a similar statement. The Roman Catholic Church responded by issuing the census Casti connubii which confirms its opposition to all contraceptives, an attitude that never turns around.
In the 1930s, legal restrictions on condoms began to relax. But during this period the Italian Fascists and Nazi Germany increased the limitations on condoms (limited sales because disease prevention is still allowed). During the Depression, condom lines by Schmid became popular. Schmid still uses a cement-making method that has two advantages over latex varieties. First, condoms are dyed with cement can be used safely with oil-based lubricants. Second, though less comfortable, this old-style rubber condom can be reused and more economical, a valuable feature in difficult times. More attention was brought to quality issues in the 1930s, and the US Food and Drug Administration began to regulate the quality of condoms sold in the United States.
During World War II, condoms were distributed not only to members of the US men's military, but also heavily promoted with films, posters, and lectures. The European and Asian armies on both sides of the conflict also provided condoms to their troops during the war, even the Germans banned all condom use by civilians in 1941. Partly because condoms were available, soldiers discovered a number of non-sexual uses for the device, many of which continued until today.
After the war, condom sales continued to grow. From 1955-1965, 42% of reproductive age Americans relied on condoms for birth control. In the UK from 1950-1960, 60% of married couples use condoms. Birth control pills became the most popular family planning method in the world after 1960 but, but condoms remain the second. The US Agency for International Development encourages condom use in developing countries to help solve the "world population crisis": in 1970 hundreds of millions of condoms were used annually in India alone. (This number has grown in recent decades: in 2004, the Indian government bought 1.9 billion condoms for distribution in family planning clinics.)
In the 1960s and 1970s, quality regulation was tightened, and more legal barriers to condom use had been removed. In Ireland, the sale of legal condoms was permitted for the first time in 1978. Advertising, however, is one area that continues to have legal restrictions. In the late 1950s, the American National Association of Broadcasters banned condom advertising from national television: this policy remained in effect until 1979.
After studying in the early 1980s that AIDS can be a sexually transmitted infection, condom use is encouraged to prevent HIV transmission. Despite opposition from some political, religious and other political figures, a national condom promotion campaign takes place in the US and Europe. These campaigns increase the use of condoms significantly.
Due to increased demand and greater social acceptance, condoms go on sale in a wider range of retail outlets, including supermarkets and discount-store stores such as Wal-Mart. Condom sales increased every year until 1994, when media attention to the AIDS pandemic began to decline. The phenomenon of reducing condom use as a disease prevention has been called fatigue prevention or fatigue of condoms . Analysts call the condom fatigue in Europe and North America. As one response, manufacturers have changed their advertising tones from scary to funny.
New developments continue to occur in the condom market, with the first branded polyurethane condom - the Avanti brand and manufactured by Durex manufacturers - introduced in the 1990s.
Condom use worldwide is expected to continue growing: one study estimates that developing countries will need 18.6 billion condoms by 2015. By September 2013, condoms are available in Canadian prisons, mostly European Union, Australia, Brazil , Indonesia, South Africa and the state of Vermont in the United States (on 17 September 2013, the California Senate approved a bill for condom distribution within state prisons, but the law has not become law at the time of approval).
Etymology and other terms
The term condom first appeared in the early 18th century. The etymology is unknown. In popular tradition, the discovery and naming of condoms is associated with the British King Charles II partner, one "Dr. Condom" or "Earl of Condom". But there is no evidence of such a person's existence, and condoms have been used for over a hundred years before King Charles II ascended the throne.
Unproven Latin etymology has been proposed, including condon, container, home, and cumdum (sarong or kasing). It has also been speculated derived from the Italian word guantone , derived from guanto , which means gloves. William E. Kruck wrote an article in 1981 concluding that, " The word 'condom', I just need to state that its origin remains completely unknown, and there ends this quest for a etymology. > "Modern dictionaries can also list etymology as" unknown ".
Other terms are also commonly used to describe condoms. In North America condoms are also commonly known as prophylactic , or rubber . In England they can be called French letters . In addition, condoms may be referred to using the manufacturer's name.
Society and culture
Some condom moral and scientific criticism exists despite the many benefits condoms are agreed upon by scientific consensus and sexual health experts.
Condom use is usually recommended for new couples who have not yet developed full confidence in their partners associated with STDs. An established couple on the other hand has little concern about PMS, and can use other birth control methods such as pills, which do not act as a barrier to intimate sexual contact. Note that the polar argument relating to the use of condoms is attenuated by the target group, the argument is directed. Particularly the age category and stable partner questions are factors, as well as differences between heterosexuals and homosexuals, who are of different gender and have different consequences and risk factors.
Among the main objections to condom use is the blocking of erotic sensations, and/or the intimacy provided by barrier-free sex. Because condoms are held tightly in the skin of the penis, condoms will reduce the stimulation through friction and friction. Proponents of condoms claim this has the benefit of making sex longer, by reducing the sensation and delaying men's ejaculation. Those who promote condom-heterosexual sex (slang: "bareback") claim that condoms place prophylactic barriers between partners, reducing what is usually a very sensual, intimate, and spiritual relationship between couples.
Religion
The Roman Catholic Church opposes all types of sexual acts outside of marriage, as well as any sexual act in which the chances of success of conception have been reduced by direct and deliberate action (eg, operations to prevent conception) or foreign bodies (eg, condoms).
The use of condoms to prevent transmission of STIs is not specifically addressed by Catholic doctrine, and is currently a topic of debate among theologians and high-level Catholic authorities. Some, like Belgian Cardinal Godfried Danneels, believe the Catholic Church should actively support condoms used to prevent illness, especially serious illnesses like AIDS. However, a majority view - including all statements from the Vatican - is that condom promotion programs encourage promiscuity, thereby greatly improving the transmission of STIs. This view was recently repeated in 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI.
The Roman Catholic Church is the largest organized body of any world religion. The Church has hundreds of programs dedicated to fighting the AIDS epidemic in Africa, but its refusal to use condoms in the program is highly controversial.
In the November 2011 interview, Pope Benedict XVI discusses for the first time the use of condoms to prevent transmission of STIs. He said that condom use can be justified in some individual cases if the goal is to reduce the risk of HIV infection. He gave an example of male prostitutes. There is some confusion at first whether the statement applies only to homosexual prostitutes and thus not to heterosexual sex at all. However, Federico Lombardi, a Vatican spokesman, explained that it applies to heterosexual and transsexual prostitutes, both men and women, as well. He also clarified that the Vatican's principles on sexuality and contraception have not changed.
Scientific and environmental
More generally, some scientific researchers have expressed an objective concern over certain ingredients that are sometimes added to condoms, especially powders and nitrosamines. Dry powder is applied to latex condoms before packaging to prevent condoms from sticking to themselves when rolled. Previously, talc was used by most manufacturers, but cornstarch is now the most popular dust powder. The veil is known to be toxic if it enters the abdominal cavity (ie through the vagina). Cornstarch is generally believed to be safe; However, some researchers have voiced concern over its use as well.
Nitrosamines, which are potentially carcinogenic in humans, are believed to be present in substances used to improve the elasticity of latex condoms. The 2001 review states that humans regularly receive nitrosamine exposure 1,000 to 10,000 times greater than food and tobacco than from condom use and conclude that cancer risk from condom use is very low. However, a 2004 study in Germany detected nitrosamines in 29 of the 32 condom brands tested, and concluded that exposure from condoms may exceed the exposure of foods by 1.5 to 3-fold.
In addition, the use of large-scale disposable condoms has resulted in concerns over their environmental impact through garbage and in landfills, where they may end up in wildlife environments if they are not burned or disposed of permanently first. Polyurethane condoms in particular, considering they are a plastic form, are not biodegradable, and latex condoms take a very long time to decompose. Experts, such as AVERT, recommend condoms to be thrown into trash containers, because throwing them down the toilet (which some people do) can cause pipe blockages and other problems. Furthermore, plastic condoms and foil wrapping packed in also can not decompose. However, the benefits offered by condoms are widely considered to offset the mass of their small trash pile. The frequent disposal of condoms or wrappers in public places such as parks has been seen as a persistent waste problem.
While biodegradable, latex condoms damage the environment when disposed of improperly. According to the Ocean Conservancy, condoms, along with certain types of garbage, cover coral reefs and stifling seaweeds and other inhabitants. The US Environmental Protection Agency has also expressed concern that many animals may think of garbage for food.
Cultural barriers to using
In much of the Western world, the introduction of pills in the 1960s was associated with a decrease in condom use. In Japan, oral contraceptives were not approved for use until September 1999, and even then access was more limited than in other industrialized countries. Perhaps due to limited access to hormonal contraceptives, Japan has the highest rates of condom use in the world: in 2008, 80% of contraceptive users rely on condoms.
Cultural attitudes toward gender roles, contraception, and sexual activity vary widely around the world, and range from very conservative to very liberal. But in places where condoms are misunderstood, misconstrued, hated, or viewed with cultural rejection as a whole, the prevalence of condom use is directly affected. In less developed countries and among the less educated population, misperceptions about how disease transmission and conception work negatively affect condom use; In addition, in cultures with more traditional gender roles, women may feel uncomfortable suing their spouses using condoms.
For example, Latino immigrants in the United States often face cultural barriers to using condoms. A study on the prevention of HIV in women published in the Journal of Sex Health Studies confirms that Latin women often lack the necessary attitude to negotiate safe sex because of traditional gender-role norms in Latin communities, and may be fearful to raise the subject of condom use with her partner. Women who participated in the study often reported that because general machismo is subtly encouraged in Latino culture, their male partners will be angry or may be violating the woman's suggestion that they use condoms. A similar phenomenon has been noted in a survey of low-income American black women; the women in the study also reported fear of violence on the advice of their male partners that condoms were used.
A telephone survey conducted by Rand Corporation and Oregon State University, and published in the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes shows that beliefs in AIDS conspiracy theories among black men of the United States are related to the level of condom use. Because conspiracy beliefs about AIDS grow in certain sectors of this black man, condoms consistently use drops in the same sector. Women using condoms are not affected equally.
On the African continent, the promotion of condoms in some areas has been blocked by anti-condom campaigns by some Muslim and Catholic clerics. Among Maasai in Tanzania, the use of condoms is hampered by the reluctance to "waste" sperm, which are given socio-cultural interests outside of reproduction. Sperm is believed to be a "herb" for women and has beneficial health effects. Maasai women believe that, after childbearing, they must have sex repeatedly so that additional sperm help the child's development. The frequent use of condoms is also considered by some Maasai to cause impotence. Some women in Africa believe that condoms are "for prostitutes" and that respectable women should not use them. Some scholars even promote the idea that condoms are intentionally linked to HIV. In the United States, the ownership of many condoms has been used by police to accuse women of being involved in prostitution. The President's Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS has condemned this practice and there are efforts to end it.
In March 2013, technology expert Bill Gates offered a US $ 100,000 grant through his foundation to design condoms that "significantly maintain or enhance fun" to encourage more men to adopt condom use for safer sex. The grant information states: "The main drawback of a male perspective is that condoms reduce pleasure compared to no condom, creating trade-offs that many men find unacceptable, especially given that decisions about use should be made just before sexual intercourse. this stigmatized, or better, product that is perceived to increase pleasure? "This project is called" Next Generation Condom "and anyone who can provide a" testable hypothesis "is entitled to apply.
Middle Eastern couples who do not have children, due to the strong desire and social pressure to build fertility as soon as possible in marriage, rarely use condoms.
In 2017, India banned TV commercials for condoms between 22:00 and 06:00.
Primary producer
An analyst describes the size of the condom market as something that "shocks the mind". Many small manufacturers, nonprofit groups, and government-run manufacturing plants exist all over the world. In the condom market, there are several major contributors, among them nonprofit businesses and philanthropic organizations. Most major manufacturers have relationships with businesses that reach back to the end of the 19th century.
Research
Latex spray condoms are intended to be more easily applied and more successful in preventing disease transmission. In 2009, condoms spray-on will not be marketed because drying time can not be reduced in under two to three minutes.
The Invisible Condom, developed at Università © Laval in Quebec, Canada, is a gel that hardens after an increase in temperature after being inserted into the vagina or rectum. In the laboratory, it has been shown to effectively block the HIV virus and herpes simplex. The barrier is broken and melted after several hours. In 2005, unseen condoms were in clinical trial stage, and had not yet been approved for use.
Also developed in 2005 were condoms that were treated with erectogenic compounds. Drug-treated condoms are intended to help the wearer maintain his erection, which should also help reduce slippage. If approved, condoms will be marketed under the Durex brand. In 2007, it was still in clinical trials. In 2009, Ansell Healthcare, the maker of Lifestyle condoms, introduced a condensed X2 condom with "Excite Gel" containing amino acid l-arginine and is intended to increase the strength of the erectile response.
References
Further reading
- "Cupid Protection Arrow: The Oldest Artificial Contraception Might Be Mature for Makeover", The Economist (London), no. 8874 (February 15-21, 2014), p. 73-74. N.B .: Articles not signed, describing new developments, especially in materials, to create and lubricate condoms.
External links
- Condom in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Male Latex Condoms and Sexually Transmitted Diseases - from the US Centers for Disease Control.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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